Fall of Elam

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Fall of Elam
partof=Wars of Neo-Assyria


caption=
date=655 BC - 639 BC
place= South Mesopotamia, Elam
result=Pyhrric Assyrian victory
combatant1=Assyria
combatant2= Elam
commander1=King Esarhaddon and later Assurbanipal of Assyria
commander2=King Teumann of Elam (until death in 655 BC)
strength1= Unknown
strength2= Unknown, presumed equal at first before declining
casualties1=Unknown
casualties2=King Teumann, many other civilians and soldiersThe Fall of Elam refers to the events leading up to and including the conquest of the Elamite Kingdom in western Persia. The Elamites were completely annihalated in 639 BC when there lands were finally ravaged beyond repair.

Background

Clashes between the Elamites and the Assyrians had been ongoing for many years prior to 721 BC, the first recorded conflict between Elamites and Assyrians. For many centuries before that the Elamites had made it a habit of intervening in Babylonian politics. Naturally this would have placed them in conflict with the Assyrians who saw Babylon as within their sphere of influence. In 721 BC, the Babylonians rebelled against Assyria and Elamites forces attempted to aid Babylon in her revolt. Following this event, the Assyrians and Elamites clashed in numerous occasions; at the Tigris in 717 BC, along the Elamite coast as part of an amphibious invasion in 694 BC, at the province of Der and again at the River Diyala in 693 BC (this may have been the same battle). For the most part, these battles were bloody and inconclusive - though the Assyrians were able to obtain the upper hand for the most part, demonstrated by the failure of the Elamites to extend their power beyond the boundaries of Mesopotamia. After a failed attack on Babylon in 655 BC, Elamite power soon began to collapse - at the river of Ulai in the plain of Susa, an Assyrian army assaulted strong Elamite defensive positions. The Elamites were soundly beaten at the Elamite King himself beheaded whilst attempting to flee in his chariot. Although another Babylonian revolt saved Elam from immediate invasion, it would remain one of the most important objectives in the mind of the next and last Great Assyrian King; Assurbanipal.

Campaign against Elam

In 648 BC, the Elamite city of Susa was raised to the ground; it was to be a terrible portent of furture events to come. In 639 BC the Assyrians moved their entire army from the west to destroy their enemies; it would be their last and most glorius act of retribution and conquest that the Assyrians had mastered like none before.

Collapse of Elam

The defeats inflicted by Assyria on Elamite offensives were one of many problems facing the Elamites; civil war had erupted in the land, whilst her northern borders were being overrun by the Persians. In 639 BC, Assurbanipal moves into Elam and proudly documented the vengeance against Elamite incursions:

With Elam destroyed, the Assyrians returned to find their Empire falling apart; years of war had destroyed their ability to wage it. Within 34 years of Elam's destruction, Assyria fell as an independent political entity in the Middle East forever.

ee also

*Battle of Susa

References