Round Lake National Natural Landmark

Infobox_lake
lake_name = Round Lake
image_lake = Round Lake (2) - Fayetteville NY.jpg
caption_lake = View looking down the old spillway towards Green Lake.
image_bathymetry =
caption_bathymetry =
location = Green Lakes State Park, New York
coords = coord|43|02|52|N|075|58|31|W|region:US-NY_type:waterbody_source:gnis|name=Round Lake
type = meromictic
inflow =
outflow =
catchment =
basin_countries = United States
length = convert|700|ft|abbr=on
width = convert|700|ft|abbr=on
area = convert|38|acre|abbr=on
depth =
max-depth = convert|180|ft|abbr=on
volume =
residence_time =
shore =
elevation =
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cities =

Round Lake National Natural Landmark lies within Green Lakes State Park just east of Syracuse within New York State. Round Lake itself and the adjoining convert|59|acre|ha|0 of old-growth forest were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1973 by the U.S. Department of the Interior. [ [http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/NewYork/NNL/RL/index.cfm "Round Lake"] entry in registry of National Natural Landmarks. National Park Service website. Retrieved December 11, 2006.] Hubert W. Vogelmann, a professor of botany at the University of Vermont, wrote the evaluation [Vogelmann, Hubert W. (1972). "Evaluation of Green Lakes State Park, Fayetteville, New York, for eligibility for Registered Natural Landmark designation," papers archived at the Bailey/Howe Library, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. Vogelmann declined to recommend Green Lake in his recommendation because of its greater development.] to the National Park Service that concurred with the recommendation of National Natural Landmark status for the region around Round Lake. Vogelmann's evaluation noted the "outstanding virgin mesophytic forest" adjoining Round Lake on its southwestern side; this text became part of the citation when the landmark was created. Vogelmann also noted Round Lake's importance as an extremely rare, "meromictic" lake. It shares this distinction with Green Lake, which lies a few hundred meters to the east.

Preservation of the old-growth forest

The virgin quality of the forest near Round Lake was already considered unusual by 1855, when Ledyard Lincklaen noted that this "dense body of woodland had hardly felt the axe." [Lincklaen, Ledyard (1855). [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/sgml/moa-idx?notisid=ABK9283-0006-238 "The Green Lakes of Onondaga,"] "Putnam's Magazine" "Vol. 6" (36), pp. 618-623; online version retrieved September 24, 2007.] The region of Upstate New York in which Round Lake lies was heavily forested through the 18th Century, but by 1855 the region had largely been deforested to create farmland. In the early 19th Century, Upstate New York was rapidly being settled by European-Americans.Taylor, Alan (1995). [http://www.webcitation.org/5XW9qlipM "The Great Change Begins: Settling the Forest of Central New York,"] "New York History", Vol. LXXV, No. 3 (July 1995), pp. 265-290. Webpage archived at Webcite from [http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/articles/nyhistory/1995nyhistory-taylor.html this original URL] on 2008-05-02.] Soldiers who had fought in the Revolutionary War had often received land grants in this former Indian territory. Essentially the first act of most settlers was to cut down the primeval forest and to burn the hardwood logs to make potash, which was quite profitable in that era. [Miller, Harry (1980). [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-165X%28198004%2921%3A2%3C187%3APFWAFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F "Potash from Wood Ashes: Frontier Technology in Canada and the United States,"] "Technology and Culture" Vol. 21, No. 2. (Apr., 1980), pp. 187-208.] [Keesler, M. Paul (2002). [http://www.paulkeeslerbooks.com/Potash.html "They Burned the Woods and Sold the Ashes,"] section from [http://www.paulkeeslerbooks.com/Mohawk.htm "Mohawk - Discovering the Valley of the Crystals"] (unpublished). Webpage retrieved on September 25, 2007.]

The land near Round Lake was settled in 1817 by David Collin III. It lies within one mile (1.6 km) of the Erie Canal, which was completed in 1825. It is remarkable that a forest so close to a major transportation route remained nearly untouched throughout the 19th Century. However, for the entire interval between 1817 and the purchase of the land for Green Lakes State Park, most of it was owned by Collin or by his descendants. One of these descendants, Betsy Knapp, wrote a memoir "Rocks, Fields and Beauty Forever: One Family's Memories of Fayetteville's Green Lakes" [Knapp, Betsy (1989). "Rocks, Fields And Beauty Forever: One Family's Memories of Fayetteville's Green Lakes" (privately printed).] in 1989. Her memoir makes clear that the land was never clearcut either for lumber or for potash. In essence, the forest was preserved by the Collin family until its purchase for the park in 1928.

The old-growth forestlands throughout Green Lakes State Park were extensively surveyed in 2001-2002 by members of the Wildwood Ancient Forest Alliance. [ [http://www.championtrees.org/oldgrowth/surveys/GreenLakesSP.htm "Green Lakes State Park"] contains links to the individual survey data. Retrieved September 25, 2007.] The surveys found that there are about convert|800|acre|km2|0 of old-growth forest within the park. The surveyors speculated that the paucity of hemlock trees in some areas indicates selective cutting of this species, perhaps for log roads in the mid 19th Century. They nonetheless conclude that "Green Lakes State Park is likely the finest old growth forest in central New York." Green Lakes State Park contains particularly old and large examples of tuliptrees, sugar maples, beech, basswood, hemlocks, and white cedars. One particularly impressive grove of trees, lying just southwest of Round Lake, was renamed the "Tuliptree Cathedral" following the 2001-2002 old-growth surveys.

=Limnology of Round Lake and Green Lake=

The lake is convert|180|ft|m|0 deep, which is remarkable given its diameter of convert|700|ft|m|0. Both Round Lake and Green Lake are meromictic, which means that the bottom waters of the lake are not mixed annually with the surface waters. For both lakes, the waters deeper than convert|55|ft|m|0 are unmixed and essentially devoid of oxygen. Meromictic lakes are quite rare; nearly all lakes undergo mixing of their deep and shallow waters at least once each year. Green Lake in particular has been the subject of a great deal of "limnological" research. The lakes are meromictic both because of their depth (relative to their diameters) and because there is an influx of mineral-laden groundwater into them; to some extent the lakes are giant mineral springs. The mineral content also accounts for the lakes' greenish appearance at certain times of year, when small particles of calcium carbonate and other minerals precipitate out of the water; these "whitings" cause the white coating of the lake bottoms that is readily observable at the shoreline.

In addition to the strictly limnological research on the lakes, the sediments at their bottoms are being used to explore the history of the plant and animal life and of the climate around the lake over the last several thousand years (i.e. its paleoclimatology). Because the deep, oxygen-depleted bottoms of the lakes are undisturbed either by annual mixing or by "bioturbation" (plant growth or movement of worms and other animals), each year's sediments are preserved as distinguishable layers (or varves) that can be dated back in time from the present.Hilfinger, Martin F., Mullins, Henry T., Burnett, Adam, and Kirby, Matthew E. (2001). "A 2500 year sediment record from Fayetteville Green Lake, New York: evidence for anthropogenic impacts and historic isotope shift," "Journal of Paleolimnology", Vol. 26, pp. 293-305.] There is a distinct change in the color of the varves that occurred around 1800; the lower, older varves are dark brown, and the higher, younger varves are grey. The varves thus record the change in the lakes' environment around 1800, when the primeval forests in the region were replaced by open fields and farmland. The Round Lake National Natural Landmark offers a glimpse of the original forest.

References

External links

*gnis|962975|Round Lake