Bushy-tailed Woodrat

Bushy-tailed Woodrat
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Genus:	Neotoma
Species:	N. cinerea
Binomial name
Neotoma cinerea (Ord, 1815)

The Bushy-tailed Woodrat, Packrat, or Woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in Canada and the United States. Its natural habitats are boreal forests, temperate forests, dry savanna, temperate shrubland, and temperate grassland.

The Bushy-tailed Woodrat is the original "pack rat", the species in which the trading habit is most pronounced. It has a strong preference for shiny objects and will drop whatever it may be carrying in favor of a coin or a spoon.^[2][3]

Description

Bushy-tailed woodrats can be identified by their large, rounded ears, and their long, bushy tails. They are usually brown, peppered with black hairs above with a white underside and feet. The top coloration may vary from buff to almost black. The tail is squirrel-like; bushy, and flattened from base to tip.^[2][4]

These woodrats are good climbers and have sharp claws. They use their long tails for balance while climbing and jumping,^[2] and for added warmth.^[5]

These rodents are sexually dimorphic, with the average male about 50% larger than the average female.

Adult length: 11 to 18 in (28 to 46 cm), half of which is tail.
Weight: Up to 1.3 lb (590 g).

The bushy-tailed woodrat is the largest and most cold-tolerant species of woodrat.^[5]

Range

Bushy-tailed woodrats are found in western North America, ranging from arctic Canada down to northern Arizona and New Mexico, and as far east as the western portions of the Dakotas and Nebraska.^[2][3][4][5]

Habitat

Bushy-tailed woodrats occupy a wide range of habitats, from boreal forests to deserts. Their preferred habitat is in and around rocky places, so they are often found along cliffs, canyons, talus slopes, and open rocky fields. They readily adapt to abandoned buildings and mines.^[4][5][6]

They can be found from sea level up to 14,000 feet (4300 m), but they become increasingly restricted to higher elevations toward the southern end of their range.^[7]

These woodrats do not do as well in old-growth forests. They are found with greater frequently and in higher densities in more open habitats.

Diet

The bushy-tailed woodrat prefers green vegetation (leaves, needles, shoots), but it will also consume twigs, fruits, nuts, seeds, mushrooms, and some animal matter. One study^[6] in southeastern Idaho found grass, cactus, vetch, sagebrush, and mustard plants in the diet, as well as a few arthropods. In drier habitats, they will concentrate on succulent plants.

These rodents get all their water from their food, and they do not need to drink.

Reproduction and lifecycle

Males establish dominance in their territories, through scent marking and physical confrontations. Fights consist largely of biting and scratching, and may result in serious injury.^[3][5]

Breeding occurs in spring and summer (May through August), with a gestation period of approximately 5 weeks. A female may have 1 or 2 litters each year. Litters can range in size from 2 to 6, with a typical litter size of 3. The females have only four mammary glands, so larger litters most likely have higher attrition rates. Females have been observed breeding as soon as twelve hours after giving birth, and may be pregnant with one litter while nursing another.^[2][5]

Gestation period in captivity is 27–32 days. Newborns weigh approximately 15 g. Eyes open at around 15 days old, and weaning occurs at 26–30 days.

Males leave the mother at 2½ months. Females often stay in the same area as the mother, with an overlapping range. This is a clear exception to their territorial natures, and this relationship is not currently well understood. The daughters may share food caches with the mother, increasing their likelihood of survival, and the higher female density of the area may also help attract males.^[5][6]

Females breed for the first time when they are yearlings.^[5]

Behavior

Bushy-tailed woodrats are active throughout the year. While primarily nocturnal, they can occasionally be seen during the day. They are usually solitary and very territorial.

These woodrats collect debris in natural crevices, and abandoned man-made structures when available, into large, quasi-structures for which the archaeologists' term 'midden' has been borrowed. Middens consist of plant material, feces, and other materials which are solidified with crystallized urine. Woodrat urine contains large amounts of dissolved calcium carbonate and calcium oxalates due to the high oxalate content of many of the succulent plants upon which these animals feed.^[5]

An important distinction to make is between middens and nests. Nests are the area where the animal is often found and where the females raise their young.^[5] Nests are usually within the midden, but there are regional variations to this rule. When not contained within the midden, the nest is usually concealed in a rocky crevice behind a barricade of sticks.^[2]

In coniferous forests, the woodrat may build its house as high as 50 feet (15 m) up a tree.^[2]

Bushy-tailed woodrats do not hibernate. They build several food caches, which they utilize during the winter months.^[5]

The bushy-tailed woodrat engages in hindfoot-drumming when alarmed. It will also drum when undisturbed, producing a slow, tapping sound.^[5]

Predators

Bushy-tailed woodrats are preyed upon by many predators, including: spotted owls, bobcats, black bears, coyotes, weasels, martens, and hawks. Interestingly, the sheltered conditions offered by the midden are often utilised by reptiles during the colder months. The rattlesnake, normally a predator of the wood rat in the warmer months, is a common lodger.^[8]

Notes

1. ^ Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). Neotoma cinerea. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 29 Jule 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Bushy-tailed Woodrat - Neotoma cinerea". eNature.com. http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recnum=MA0081. Retrieved 2007-11-04. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Bushy-tailed Woodrat, Neotoma cinerea". Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. 2006. http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/collections/mammalogy/mamwash/neci.html. Retrieved 2007-11-04. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Yaki, Gustave (2003). "Bushy-tailed Woodrat - Neotoma cinerea". weaselhead.org. http://weaselhead.org/profile/?s=536. Retrieved 2007-11-04. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Trapani, Josh (2003). ""Neotoma cinerea" (online)". Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neotoma_cinerea.html. Retrieved 2007-11-04. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Groves, Craig; Butterfield, Bart (1997). Atlas of Idaho's Wildlife. Boise, Idaho: Idaho Department of Fish and Game. pp. 326 (PDF page 365). ISBN 0-9657756-0-7 12.95. http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/atlswf.pdf 
7. ^ Grayson, Donald (March 2006). "The Late Quaternary biogeographic histories of some Great Basin mammals (western USA)". Quaternary Science Reviews (Box 353100, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA: Department of Anthropology, University of Washington) 25 (21–22): 14. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.004. http://faculty.washington.edu/grayson/qsr06.pdf 
8. ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.

References

• Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.