- Water Horsetail
Taxobox
name = Water Horsetail
image_width = 240px
regnum =Plantae
divisio =Pteridophyta
classis =Equisetopsida
ordo =Equisetales
familia =Equisetaceae
genus = "Equisetum"
species = "E. fluviatile"
binomial = "Equisetum fluviatile"
binomial_authority = L.The Water Horsetail ("Equisetum fluviatile"), also known as the Swamp Horsetail, is a perennial
horsetail that commonly grows in dense colonies along freshwater shorelines or in shallow water, growing in ponds,swamp s, ditches, and other sluggish or still waters with mud bottoms. It is aherbaceous species, growing 30-100 cm (rarely 140 cm) tall with erect dark green stems 2-8 mm in diameter, smooth, with about 10-30 fine ridges. At each joint, the stem has a whorl of tiny, black-tipped scale leaves 5-10 mm long. Many, but not all, stems also have whorls of short ascending and spreading branches 1-5 cm long, with the longest branches on the lower middle of the stem. The side branches are slender, dark green, and have 1-8 nodes with a whorl of five scale leaves at each node. The Water Horsetail has the largest central hollow of the horsetails, with 80% of the stem diameter typically being hollow.The stems readily pull apart at the joints, and both fertile and sterile stems look alike.
The Water Horsetail reproduces both by
spore s and vegetatively byrhizome s. It primarily reproduces by vegetative means, with the majority of shoots arising from rhizomes. Spores are produced in blunt-tipped cones at the tips of some stems. The spore cones are yellowish-green, 1-2 cm long and 1 cm broad, with numerous scales in dense whorls.The Water Horsetail ranges throughout the temperate
Northern Hemisphere , fromEurasia south to centralSpain , northernItaly , theCaucasus ,China ,Korea andJapan , and inNorth America from theAleutian Islands to Newfoundland, south toOregon ,Idaho , northwestMontana , northeastWyoming ,West Virginia andVirginia .This horsetail is sometimes seen as an
invasive species because it is very hardy and tends to overwhelm other garden plants unless it is contained. When planting, it is best to plant them with the rhizome in a container.The Water Horsetail is most often confused with the
Marsh Horsetail "E. palustre", which has rougher stems with fewer (4-8) stem ridges with a smaller hollow in the stem centre, and longer spore cones 2-4 cm long.Uses
The Water Horsetail has historically been used by both
Europe ans and Native Americans for scouring, sanding, and filing because of the highsilica content in the stems. Early spring shoots were eaten. Medically it was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans to stop bleeding and treatkidney ailments,ulcer s, andtuberculosis , and by the ancient Chinese to treat superficial visual obstructions. Rootstocks and stems are sometimes eaten bywaterfowl . Horsetails absorb heavy metals from thesoil , and are often used in bioassays for metals.According to
Carolus Linnaeus ,reindeer , which refuse ordinary hay, will eat this horsetail, which is juicy, and that it is cut as fodder in the north ofSweden forcow s, with a view to increasing theirmilk yield, but thathorse s will not touch it.External links
* [http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/ferns/equisetumflu.html] - basic information on the Water Horsetail.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.