1908 Messina earthquake

1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami

Date	December 28, 1908 (1908-12-28)
Magnitude	7.2 Mw [1]
Epicenter	38°09′00″N 15°40′59″E / 38.15°N 15.683°E / 38.15; 15.683Coordinates: 38°09′00″N 15°40′59″E / 38.15°N 15.683°E / 38.15; 15.683
Countries or regions	Italy, Messina, Reggio Calabria
Tsunami	Yes
Casualties	100,000–200,000 dead (13th deadliest earthquake of all time)

The 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami took some 100,000–200,000 lives on December 28, 1908 in Sicily and Calabria, southern Italy.

Quake

Aftermath of the Messina earthquake and tsunami

On December 28, 1908 from about 05:20 to 05:21 an earthquake of 7.2 on the moment magnitude scale occurred centered on the of city Messina, in Sicily. Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland also suffered heavy damage. The ground shook for some 30 to 40 seconds, and the destruction was felt within a 300 km radius. Moments after the earthquake, a 12 m tsunami struck nearby coasts causing even more devastation. 91% of structures in Messina were destroyed and some 70000 residents were killed.^[2] Rescuers searched through the rubble for weeks, and whole families were still being pulled out alive days later, but thousands remained buried there.^[3] Buildings in the area had not been constructed for earthquake resistance, having heavy roofs and vulnerable foundations.^[4]

Relief efforts

News of the disaster was carried by Italian torpedo boats to Nicotera, where the telegraph lines were still working, but that was not accomplished until midnight at the end of the day. Rail lines in the area had been destroyed, often along with the railway stations.^[2]

The Italian navy and army responded and began searching, treating the injured, and evacuating refugees (as did every ship). Looters soon had to be shot. King Victor Emmanuel III and the Queen arrived.^[2]

The disaster made headlines worldwide and international relief efforts were launched. With the help of the Red Cross and sailors of the Russian and British fleets, search and cleanup were expedited. The British battleship Exmouth and the cruisers Euryalus, Minerva, and Sutlej were ordered to provide assistance; the SS Afonwen was in Messina harbor during the quake (anchored in 45 fathoms (80 m) of water, but there were only 30 fathoms (55 m) when she sailed full of refugees). The French battleships Justice and Vérité, and three torpedo boat destroyers were ordered to Messina. The U.S. Great White Fleet and her supply ships Celtic and Culgoa were also ordered to assist. Russian ships included the Slava, Tsesarevich, and Admiral Makarov. Other nations' ships also responded.^[2][5]

Cause

The earthquake was caused by normal faulting between plates. Italy sits along the boundary zone of the African Continental plate and this plate is pushing against the seafloor underneath Europe at a rate of 1-inch (25 mm) per year. This causes vertical displacement which in turn can cause earthquakes.^[6] Recently it has been proposed that the concurrent tsunami was not generated by the earthquake, but rather by a large undersea landslide it triggered. There were also several fires that destroyed houses and turned them to rubble.^[7]

Aftermath

In the years following 1908, precautions were taken when reconstruction began, building architecture that would be able to withstand earthquakes of variable magnitude, if one should strike again. In the midst of reconstruction many of the Italian residents were relocated to various parts of Italy. Others were forced to emigrate to America. In 1909 the cargo ship Florida carried 850 such passengers away from Naples. Lost in a dense fog, the Florida collided with the Republic, a luxury passenger liner. Three people aboard the Florida were killed instantly. Within minutes, pandemonium broke out on the ship. The captain of the Florida, Angelo Ruspini, used extreme measures to regain control of the desperate passengers, including firing gunshots into the air. Eventually the survivors were rescued at sea and brought into the New York harbor where they would start a new life.^[8]

See Also

• 1783 Calabrian earthquakes

References

1. ^ Pino, N.A.; Piatanesi A., Valensise G. & Boschi E. (2009). "The 28 December 1908 Messina Straits Earthquake (Mw 7.1): A Great Earthquake throughout a Century of Seismology". Seismological Research Letters 80 (2): 243–259. doi:10.1785/gssrl.80.2.243. http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/5235/2/1908_Pino%20et%20al%20revised.pdf. Retrieved 14 February 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} The Messina 1908 earthquake
3. ^ Mowbray, Jay Henry (1909). Italy's Great Horror or Earthquake and Tidal Wave. 
4. ^ Tarr, Ralph Stockman; Lawrence Martin (1914). College Physiography. New York, New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 413. http://books.google.com/books?id=Au3yEzkzgr0C&pg=PA413#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
5. ^ http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/colonial/messina_earthquake_awards.htm
6. ^ Sicilian culture: 1908 Messina - Reggio Earthquake & Earthquake Prone Italy
7. ^ On the cause of the 1908 Messina tsunami, southern Italy
8. ^ PBS Article

External links

• Messina Earthquake Original reports from The Times
• Belknap, Reginald Rowan (1910). American House Building in Messina and Reggio: An Account of the American Naval and Red Cross Combined Expedition, to Provide Shelter for the Survivors of the Great Earthquake of December 28, 1908. New York, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=bXooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 
• Hichens, Robert (April 1909). "After The Earthquake". The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine (Macmillan & Co.) 77 (6): 928–939. http://books.google.com/books?id=JbMGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA928#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 
• Hobbs, W. H. (1909). "The Messina Earthquake". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York (The American Geographical Society Of New York) 41 (7): 409–422. http://books.google.com/books?id=HBdJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA409#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 
• Perret, Frank A. (April 1909). "The Messina Earthquake". The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine (Macmillan & Co.) 77 (6): 921–927. http://books.google.com/books?id=JbMGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA921#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 
• Perret, Frank A. (1909). "Preliminary Report On The Messina Earthquake Of December 28, 1908". The American Journal of Science (New Haven, CT: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co.) XXVII (Fourth Series): 321–334. http://books.google.com/books?id=7FM7AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA321#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved July 11, 2011. 
• "The Italian Earthquake". Scientific American Supplement No. 1726: 71–74. January 30, 1909. http://books.google.com/books?id=FgYiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved July 11, 2011.