Solomon P. Sharp

Infobox Officeholder
name=Solomon P. Sharp


order=5th
office=Attorney General of Kentucky
term_start=October 30, 1821
term_end=1825
predecessor=Ben Hardin
successor=Frederwick W. S. Grayson
state2=Kentucky
district2=6th
term_start2=March 4, 1813
term_end2=March 3, 1817
party=Democratic-Republican
birth_date=August 22, 1787
birth_place=Abingdon, Virginia
death_date=death date and age|mf=yes|1825|11|7|1787|8|22
death_place=Frankfort, Kentucky
spouse=Eliza T. Scott
profession=Lawyer

Solomon Porcius Sharp (August 22, 1787 – November 7, 1825) was attorney general of Kentucky and a member of both the United States Congress and of the Kentucky General Assembly. His murder at the hands of Jereboam O. Beauchamp in 1825 is referred to as the Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy or The Kentucky Tragedy.

Sharp began his political career representing Warren County, Kentucky in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He briefly served in the War of 1812, then returned to Kentucky and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1813. He was re-elected to a second term, but his support of a controversial bill regarding legislator salaries cost him his seat in 1816. He returned to the Kentucky House in 1817, and aligned himself with Kentucky's Debt Relief Party. He resigned his seat in 1821 to accept Governor John Adair's appointment to the post of Attorney General of Kentucky. He was re-appointed to this position under Adair's successor, Joseph Desha, but resigned in 1825 to return to the Kentucky House.

In 1818, rumors had surfaced that Sharp had fathered a stillborn illegitimate child with Anna Cooke. Sharp denied the charge, and the immediate political effects were minimal. When the charges were repeated during Sharp's 1825 General Assembly campaign, he supposedly claimed that the child was a mulatto and could not have been his. (Whether Sharp actually made such a claim, or whether it was a rumor started by his political enemies remains in doubt.) Jereboam Beauchamp, who had married Cooke in 1824 and was incensed by this attack upon her honor, fatally stabbed Sharp in Sharp's home early on the morning of November 7, 1825.

Personal life

Solomon Sharp was born on August 22, 1787 at Abingdon, Washington County, Virginia, the fifth child and third son of Captain Thomas and Jean (Maxwell) Sharp.Cooke, Part I, p. 27] He was the grandson of John Sharp, Archbishop of York. Thomas Sharp was a veteran of the Revolutionary War, participating in the Battle of King's Mountain.Levin, p. 109] The family moved to Kentucky between 1798 and 1800, settling at Russellville, Logan County, Kentucky.Mathias, 814]

Little is known of Sharp's educational background; the schools of Logan County were primitive during his childhood years. Nevertheless, he studied law in some capacity, and was admitted to the bar sometime between 1806 and 1809. He opened a practice in Russellville, but soon relocated to Bowling Green, Kentucky, where he engaged in land speculation, sometimes in partnership with his brother, Dr. Leander Sharp. [Cooke, Part I, pp. 27, 29]

On December 17, 1818, Sharp married Eliza T. Scott; the union produced three children. He moved the family to Frankfort, Kentucky in 1820. Only months later, a woman named Anna Cooke claimed Sharp was the father of her stillborn illegitimate child, a charge Sharp denied.Cooke, Part I, p. 38] Because of the child's dark skin tone, some speculated that the child was a mulatto. The scandal soon abated, and though Sharp's political opponents would continue to call attention to it, his reputation remained largely untarnished.Cooke, Part I, p. 39]

Political career

Sharp's first political office come in 1809, when he was elected to represent Warren County in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He supported the election of Henry Clay to the U.S. Senate, the creation of a state lottery, and the creation of an academy in Barren County.Cooke, Part I, p. 30] He served on a number of committees, and for a time, served as interim speaker of the house during the General Assembly's second session.

Sharp was re-elected in 1810 and 1811. During the 1811 session, he worked with Ben Hardin to secure passage of a bill discouraging the practice of duelling. He also opposed a harsh measure dealing with the welfare of slaves.

Sharp's political service was interrupted by the War of 1812. On September 18, 1812, he enlisted as a private in the Kentucky militia, serving under Lieutenant Colonel Young Ewing. Twelve days later, he was promoted to major and made a part of Ewing's staff. Ewing's unit was put under the command of General Samuel Hopkins during his ill-fated expedition against the Shawnee. In total, the expedition lasted only forty-two days; nevertheless, Sharp recognized the value of a record of military service in Kentucky politics.Cooke, Part I, p. 31] He eventually was promoted to the rank of captain and later, colonel, although the sources do not explain when or why this happened.Congressional Bio]

U.S. Representative

In 1813, Sharp was elected to the Thirteenth Congress as a member of the United States House of Representatives. Aligning himself with the War Hawks, he defended President James Madison's decision to lead the country into the war, and supported a proposal to offer convert|100|acre|sqmi km2|3|abbr=on of land to any British deserters. [Cooke, Part I, pp. 32–33] In a speech on April 8, 1813, he opposed indemnity for those defrauded in the Yazoo land scandal.Cooke, Part I, p. 33] He allied himself with South Carolina's John C. Calhoun against the Second Bank of the United States.

Sharp was re-elected to the Fourteenth Congress, during which he served as chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims. He supported the controversial Compensation Act of 1816 sponsored by fellow Kentuckian Richard Mentor Johnson.Cooke, Part I, p. 34] The measure, which paid Congressmen a flat salary instead of paying them only for the days when they were in session, was extremely unpopular with the voters of his district. When the next congressional session opened in December 1816, Sharp reversed his position and voted to repeal the law, but the damage was already done; he lost his seat in the House in the next election.

In 1817, Sharp was again elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives. During his term, he supported measures for internal improvements, but opposed the creation of a state health board and a proposal to open the state's vacant lands to the widows and orphans of soldiers killed in the War of 1812. Most notably, however, he supported the creation of forty new banks in the state, and proposed a tax on the branches of the Bank of the United States in Lexington and Louisville.

Attorney general of Kentucky

In 1821, Sharp began a campaign for a seat in the Kentucky Senate. His opponent, John Upshaw Waring, was a notably violent and malicious man. Waring sent two threatening letters to Sharp, and on June 18, 1821 published a handbill attacking Sharp's character. Five days later, Sharp ceased campaigning for the senatorial seat and accepted the appointment of Governor John Adair to the position of attorney general of Kentucky. Sharp's nomination was unanimously confirmed on October 30, 1821. [Cooke, Part I, pp. 39–40]

Sharp took office at a critical time Kentucky's history. Still reeling from the financial Panic of 1819, state politicians had split into two camps: those who supported legislation favorable to debtors (the Debt Relief Party) and those who favored the protection of creditors (typically called anti-reliefers.) Sharp had clearly identified himself with the Relief Party, as had Governor Adair.Before the end of his term, the rivalry between these two factions would result in the Old Court-New Court controversy in the state. [Cooke, Part II, p. 121–125]

In the 1824 presidential election, Sharp alienated some of his constituency by supporting his old House colleague John C. Calhoun instead of Kentucky's favorite son, Henry Clay. When it was clear that Calhoun's bid would fail, Sharp threw his support behind Andrew Jackson. He served as secretary of a meeting of Jackson supporters in Frankfort on October 2, 1824.Cooke, Part II, p. 126]

In 1825, Governor Adair's term expired. He was replaced by another Relief Party member, General Joseph Desha. Desha and Sharp had been colleagues in Congress, and Desha re-appointed Sharp as attorney general. The Relief faction in the legislature managed to pass several measures favorable to debtors, but the Kentucky Court of Appeals struck them down as unconstitutional. Unable to muster the votes to remove the hostile justices on the Court of Appeals, Relief partisans in the General Assembly passed legislation to abolish the entire court and create a new one, which Governor Desha promptly stocked with sympathetic judges. [Cooke, Part II, pp. 126–130]

Sharp's role in the Relief Party's plan to abolish the old court and replace it with a new, more favorable court is not explicitly known, but as the administration's chief legal counsel, it is assumed he was heavily involved. He personally issued the order for Old Court clerk Achilles Sneed to turn over his records to New Court clerk Francis P. Blair. He also lent a measure of legitimacy to the New Court by practicing as attorney general before the New Court to the exclusion of the Old Court. [Cooke, Part II, pp. 130–131]

On May 11, 1825, Sharp was charged with welcoming the Marquis de Lafeyette to Kentucky on behalf of the Desha administration. At a banquet in Lafeyette's honor three days later, Sharp toasted the guest of honor: "The People: Liberty will always be safe in their holy keeping." Shortly following this event, Sharp resigned as attorney general, likely because Relief Party advocates felt he would be more useful in the General Assembly.Cooke, Part II, p. 134]

The anti-relief partisans nominated former Senator John J. Crittenden for one of the two seats apportioned to Franklin County in the state House.Kirwan, p. 58] The Relief Party countered with Sharp and Lewis Sanders, a prominent area lawyer. During the campaign, the charges of Sharp's illegitimate child resurfaced.Cooke, Part II, p. 135] It was alleged that Sharp made the claim that the child was mulatto and could not be his; whether Sharp actually made this claim may never be known for certain. Despite the controversy, Sharp netted the most votes in the election, polling a mere 69 more than Crittenden, who captured the second seat.

Assassination and aftermath

In the early hours of November 7, 1825, the day the General Assembly was to open its session, an assassin knocked on the door of Sharp's residence. When Sharp answered the door, the assassin grabbed him with his left hand and used his right to stab him in the heart with a poisoned dagger. Sharp died at approximately two o'clock in the morning. After lying in state in the House of Representatives Hall, he was buried in Frankfort Cemetery. [Cooke, Part II, pp. 137–140]

Because of the timing of the assassination, speculation mounted that Sharp had been killed by an anti-relief partisan. Sharp's political rival, John J. Crittenden, attempted to blunt these accusations by personally introducing a resolution condemning the murder and offering a $3000 reward for the capture of the assassin.Kirwan, p. 60] The trustees of the city of Frankfort added a reward of $1000, and an additional $2000 reward was raised from private sources.Lee, "Murder on Madison"] Cooke, Part II, p. 140] In the 1825 session of the General Assembly, a measure to form Sharp County from Muhlenberg County died on the floor due to the tumultuous politics of the session.

In the investigation that followed, the evidence quickly pointed to Jereboam Beauchamp, who had married Anna Cooke in 1824, as the assassin. On November 11, 1825 a four-man posse arrested Beauchamp at his home in Franklin, Kentucky. He was tried and convicted of Sharp's murder on May 19, 1826. After two failed suicide attempts, Beauchamp was hanged for his crime on July 7, 1826. [Cooke, Part II, pp. 143–146]

ee also

*Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy

Notes

References

*cite journal |last=Cooke |first=J.W. |title=The Life and Death of Colonel Solomon P. Sharp Part 1: Uprightness and Inventions; Snares and Net |journal=The Filson Club Quarterly |month=January |year=1998 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=pp. 24–41
*cite journal |last=Cooke |first=J.W. |title=The Life and Death of Colonel Solomon P. Sharp Part 2: A Time to Weep and A Time to Mourn |journal=The Filson Club Quarterly |month=April |year=1998 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=pp.121–151
*cite book |last=Kirwan |first=Albert Dennis |title=John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1974 |isbn=0837169224
*cite web |last=Lee |first=Anne H. |title=Murder on Madison – The Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy |publisher=USGenNet |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ky/county/franklin/index/madisonst.html |accessdate=2008-01-24
*cite book |title=Lawyers and Lawmakers of Kentucky |first=H. |last=Levin |year=1897 |publisher=Lewis Publishing Company |location=Chicago, Illinois |url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~kygenweb/kybiog/franklin/sharp.sp2.txt |accessdate=2008-01-10
*cite book |last=Mathias |first=Frank F. |editor=Kleber, John E. |others=Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter |title=The Kentucky Encyclopedia |year=1992 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Kentucky |isbn=0813117720
*CongBio|S000295

Further reading

*cite book |last=Beauchamp |first=Jereboam O. |title=The confession of Jereboam O. Beauchamp : who was hanged at Frankfort, Ky., on the 7th day of July, 1826, for the murder of Col. Solomon P. Sharp |year=1826 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/fawbib:@field(TITLE+@od1(The+confession+of+Jereboam+O++Beauchamp+:+who+was+hanged+at+Frankfort,+Ky+,+on+the+7th+day+of+July,+1826,+for+the+murder+of+Col++Solomon+P++Sharp)) |accessdate=2008-01-10
*cite journal |last=Bruce |first=Dickson D. |title= The Kentucky Tragedy and the Transformation of Politics in the Early American Republic |journal=The American Transcendental Quarterly |volume=17 |year=2003
*cite book |last=Bruce |first=Dickson D. |title=The Kentucky Tragedy: A Story of Conflict and Change in Antebellum America |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0807131733
*cite book |last=Coleman |first=John Winston |title=The Beauchamp-Sharp tragedy; an episode of Kentucky history during the middle 1820's |publisher=Roberts Print. Co. |location=Frankfort, Kentucky |year=1950
*cite book |last=Sharp |first=Leander J. |title=Vindication of the character of the late Col. Solomon P. Sharp |publisher=A. Kendall and company |year=1827 |location=Frankfort, Kentucky

External links

* [http://www.dementedmind.com/ged/751.htm Sharp Genealogy]
* [http://www.kyenc.org/entry/s/SHARP01.html The Kentucky Encyclopedia]
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