- Stephanos Skouloudis
Stephanos Skouloudis ( _el. Στέφανος Σκουλούδης) (November 23, 1838–August 19, 1928) was a Greek
banker ,diplomat and prime minister.Early life
He was born in
Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) on November 23, 1838. His parents, John and Zena Skouloudis, were originally fromCrete and his father was a businessman in Constantinople, where Skouloudis completed grade school. In 1852, he was sent toAthens to attend high school, after which he completed medical school at theUniversity of Athens . In 1859, Skouloudis joined the famed trading house of Ralli and became a manager of its import/export business, advancing, by 1863, to head of Turkish operations. In 1871, along withAndreas Syngrou , Skouloudis founded theBank of Constantinople . Skouloudis occasionally assisted the Greek government with diplomatic matters with theOttoman Empire . He earned great wealth, and by 1876, Skouloudis moved permanently to Athens.Diplomatic and political life
In Athens, Skouloudis became active politically, and the crisis of 1877 provided him an opportunity to serve the government. As the "Eastern Crisis" developed into the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Skouloudis was a secret emissary to the
Albania n population outside Greece's borders. He also served as a representative of the city ofIoannina in talks leading to theCongress of Berlin which readjusted the border between Greece and theOttoman Empire after that war.Besides his diplomatic efforts, Skouloudis also involved himself in other public service. He was appointed to the Board of Governors of the
Bank of Greece in 1880. In 1882, he formed the first company to drainLake Copais , a lake that abutted very productive farmland north of Thebes, and which sometimes flooded.First elected to the
Hellenic Parliament in the election of 1881, representingSyros (and later Thebes), Skouloudis was a member of Trikoupis' liberal New Party. In 1883, he was appointed GreekAmbassador toSpain where he served until 1886. AfterBulgaria 's unilateral annexation ofEastern Rumelia from the Ottoman Empire, Skouloudis represented the Greek government at peace talks in Constantinople in 1886.He was again elected to parliament representing Thebes in 1892 and was appointed by Prime Minister Trikoupis as Minister of Religion and Education and later as Minister for the Navy. He also was called upon by both the liberal Trikoupis and conservative
Theodoros Deligiannis governments to represent Greece in seeking loans and loan extensions from wealthier governments.Skouloudis served on the Organizing Committee for the
1896 Summer Olympics . He noticed that costs for the Games were rising beyond the original estimates given byPierre de Coubertin and gave a report to the president of the committee, Crown Prince Constantine, recommending that Greece withdraw from hosting the Games.Skouloudis, and a number of others who agreed with him, resigned the committee at that point. However, Constantine decided to allow the Games to continue and the first modern Olympics were widely considered to be highly successful, especially in comparison to the 1900 and
1904 Summer Olympics .Due to his extensive diplomatic service, the liberal Skouloudis was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in the conservative government of
Dimitrios Rallis in 1897. In this position, he found himself overseeing Greece's diplomatic response to its first military defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, which despite the fairly complete defeat of Greece's army, resulted in a relatively small loss of Greek territory, due, in part, to Skouloudis' diplomatic efforts.In 1905, Skouloudis was again elected to parliament from Thebes, but he did not serve in the government. After the Goudi Revolt in 1909, Skouloudis' name was heard often as a potential reformer Prime Minister, along with
Stephanos Dragoumis , who was ultimately selected as Prime Minister and who paved the way forEleftherios Venizelos to assume the premiership in 1910 and end the political crisis. Skouloudis was later tapped by Venizelos to be Greece's representative at peace talks inLondon after theFirst Balkan War in 1912.National Schism and prime ministry
Following the death of King George I in 1912, Greece's Prime Minister Venizelos and new king Constantine were increasingly at odds. As
Europe descended into the First World War, the pro-German king and the pro-Allied Prime Minister struggled politically over Greece's entry into the war with the king supporting neutrality and Venizelos favoring entry on the side of the Allies. Venizelos resigned and was succeeded byAlexandros Zaimis . In October, 1915, Venizelos left Athens and would later set up a rival government inThessaloniki and Prime Minister Zaimis resigned. At that point, the king asked Skouloudis to form a government of national unity, including representatives of all the parties in parliament in his government. The Skouloudis government focused almost exclusively on the question of Greece's entry into World War I, and attempts to stave off the formation of a rival government in the north. Skouloudis was unsuccessful and Prime Minister Zaimis was reappointed by the king.Eventually, with the abdication of King Constantine in 1918 and the return of Venizelos triumphant to Athens, Skouloudis found himself investigated for "collaboration" with the former king. He was charged and convicted along with his Cabinet and remained in prison until November 1920. With the electoral defeat of Venizelos, Skouloudis' sentence was commuted in 1921 and he was pardoned. His term as Prime Minister would be his last service to the Greek nation; Skouloudis died on August 19, 1928.
Sources
* [http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/Skouloudis/SkouloudisBiography.htm.htm Gennadios Library]
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