John Knox Laughton

Sir John Knox Laughton KCB (23 April 1830–14 September 1915) was a British naval historian and arguably the first to argue for the importance of the subject as an independent field of study. Beginning his working life as a mathematically-trained civilian instructor for the Royal Navy, he later became Professor of Modern History at King's College London and a co-founder of the Navy Records Society. A prolific writer of lives, he penned the biographies of more than 900 naval personalities for the "Dictionary of National Biography". [G. A. R. Callender (2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34420 'Laughton, Sir John Knox (1830–1915)'] , rev. Andrew Lambert, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (Oxford: Oxford University Press), doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/34420]

Family

Laughton was born in Liverpool on 23 April 1830, son of a former Master Mariner. He married twice and had 10 children including Vera Laughton Mathews. He died on 14 September 1915 and was buried at sea in the Thames Estuary from the decks of HMS "Conqueror".

Academic career

Laughton served with the Royal Navy as a civilian shipboard instructor teaching mathematics, science and navigation, and saw combat in the Baltic and Far East campaigns.Adamiak, Stanley J. 'The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession', Review of book by Professor Andrew Lambert, "Journal of Military History" Vol. 64, No. 4 (October 2000) pp. 1169-1170] In 1866 he finished his sea days by going ashore to teach at the Royal Naval College in Portsmouth. When the College moved to Greenwich in 1873, Laughton moved with it to become the Head of the Department of Meteorology and Marine Surveying.

Despite this appointment, in the 1870s he turned more and more to teaching and lecturing on history, delivering a now famous lecture to the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) in 1874 on the importance of actually analysing historical events, rather than merely reporting events chronologically. This was a new idea at the time and would not have been seen then as stating the obvious, as perhaps it would today. John Hattendorf, "The Caird Lecure, 2000: The Anglo-French Naval Wars (1689-1815) in twentieth century naval thought" Journal for Maritime Research. http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conJmrArticle.30/viewPage/2 - URL last accessed 3 April 2007] With this new approach, Laughton ‘acted as a catalyst for [the] entire intellectual development’ of naval history as an independent discipline, an analysis forcefully put forward by Professor Andrew Lambert, who has written on many occasions that naval history owes its foundation to Laughton. [For example, Andrew Lambert(1998) "The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession" (London: Chatham House), p. 11]

During his time as a lecturer in naval history, Laughton was undoubtedly an influence on the more famous naval historian-strategists of his age – Mahan, Corbett and Richmond. Mahan, who has been described as ‘one of Laughton’s disciples’, wrote of him that 'He probably knows more naval history than any English speaking man living’. R.J.B. Knight (2000) "The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession", Review of book by Professor Andrew Lambert in the Institute for Historical Research's "Reviews in History" series. (London: Institute for Historical Research) http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/knight.html - URL last accessed 3 April 2007]

The obvious question arising from any study of Laughton is, if he was so influential and important, why is he not as well known as his ‘disciples’? In sharp contrast with Mahan and Corbett, Laughton never wrote a major work, and the body of work that he "did" leave behind is now very difficult to come by. The answer comes by looking at the people he influenced and the institutions which he left behind after his death. Through 'long-term influence and personal contact' with other thinkers in the field and British admirals, he managed to sow the seeds in influential people’s minds that naval history was a subject worth studying, something which had relevance and bearing on modern naval affairs. [Lambert (1998), p. 193] A good example of this was his ability to talk the Admiralty in to allowing public access to their archives, allowing Laughton to co-found the Navy Records Society in 1893. He was the Society’s first Secretary, and was knighted for his work in 1907. [LondonGazette|issue=28044|startpage=5118|date=26 July 1907|accessdate=2008-05-27]

Laughton died in 1915 at the age of 85, 30 years after leaving the Navy to become Professor of Modern History at King’s College London. In recognition of his role in founding the discipline, King’s College Department of War Studies has named its naval history chair as the "Laughton Professor", and naval historians in the department belong to the "Laughton Naval History Research Unit". [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/sspp/ws/research/groups/lnhru/]

Lauhton's contributions to naval history were largely forgotten until the pioneering work by Professor D. M. Schurman, "The education of a navy: the development of British naval strategic thought, 1867-1914" (1965) first brought them out. Professor Andrew Lambert has since added further depth and understanding to Laughton's contribution.

Honours

*Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1907
*Chesney Gold Medal in 1910
*Professorship, granted in 1885 by King’s College London

References

ee also

*Rear-Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan USN
*Sir Julian Corbett
*Rear-Admiral Stephen Luce USN
*Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond RN

External links

* [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/sspp/ws/research/groups/lnhru/ KCL Laughton Naval History Research Unit]
* [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/knight.html Institute of Historical Research review of Lambert's 1998 book by R. J. B. Knight]
* [http://www.navyrecordssociety.com/ Navy Records Society]
* [http://www.rusi.org/ Royal United Services Institute]
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