Sanskrit pronouns and determiners

Sanskrit pronouns and determiners

Sanskrit pronouns are declined for case, number, and gender. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well.

Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

First and Second Persons

The first and second person pronouns are declined for the most part alike, having by analogy assimilated themselves with one another.

Note: Where two forms are given, the second is enclitic and an alternative form. Ablatives in singular and plural may be extended by the syllable -"tas"; thus "mat" or "mattas", "asmat" or "asmattas".

The "asau" paradigm is given below.

Enclitic Pronouns

The enclitic pronoun "ena" is found only in a few oblique cases and numbers.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns all begin with "k-", and decline just as "tat" does, with the initial "t-" being replaced by "k-". The only exception to this are the singular neuter nominative and accusative forms, which are both "kim" and not the expected "*kat".

For example, the singular feminine genitive interrogative pronoun, "of whom?", is "IAST|kasyãḥ".

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the participles "api", "cid", or "cana" after the appropriate interrogative pronouns.

Relative and Correlative Pronouns

All relative pronouns begin with "y-", and decline just as "tat" does. The correlative pronouns are identical to the "tat" series.

Pronominal Declension

In addition to the pronouns described above, some adjectives follow the pronominal declension. Unless otherwise noted, their declension is identical to "tat".

*"eka": "one", "a certain". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both "ekam")
*"anya": "another".
*"sarva": "all", "every". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both "sarvam")
*"para": "the other". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both "param")
*"sva": "self" (a reflexive adjective). (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both "svam")

Bibliography

* "IAST|Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language" – Robert P. Goldman – ISBN 0-944613-40-3
* "A Sanskrit Grammar for Students" – A. A. Macdonell – ISBN 81-246-0094-5


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