Vicente Rojo Lluch

Vicente Rojo Lluch (1894, Fuente la Higuera, in Valencia–June 15 1966 Madrid) was a prominent Republican army officer during the Spanish Civil War.

He was the posthumous son of a military man who fought against the Carlists and in the campaigns of Cuba during the Spanish-American War, from where he returned ill.

In 1911 Rojo entered the Infantry Academy at the Alcazar of Toledo, receiving his commission in 1914 with the rank of second lieutenant, fourth in a class of 390 cadets. After having been assigned to Barcelona he went on to the Group of Regulars from Ceuta (the "Regulares" were Moroccan colonial troops with Spanish officers). He was later posted back to Barcelona and to La Seu d'Urgell.

In 1922, having risen to the rank of captain, he returned to the Infantry Academy, where he occupied diverse educational and administrative positions. He was one of the editors of the curricula on the subjects of "Tactics", "Weaponry" and "Firepower" for the new section of the General Military Academy of Zaragoza. In this period at the Academy he collaborated on the foundation and direction of the Military Bibliographical Collection, a collection on military subjects that he reached ample diffusion in Spain and abroad, along with captain Emilio Alamán.

In August 1932, he left the Academy to enter the Superior War School with the objective to make the course of the General Staff. During his time at the academy, a peculiar event took place in which he proposed to the cadets a tactical assumption that consisted of passing through the river Ebro to establish a route in the Reus-Granadella, an operation very similar to one a few years later, during the civil war, he would later put into practice in the famous Battle of the Ebro in the area between Mequinenza and Amposta.

He was promoted to major on February 25, 1936. When the Civil War started (July 1936), Rojo - a devout Catholic, and linked to the conservative Unión Militar Española - stayed loyal to the Republican Government and was one of the military professionals who participated in the reorganization of the Republican forces. In October 1936 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was designated head of the General Staff of the Forces of Defense commanded by General Jose Miaja, head of the Junta de Defensa de Madrid created to defend the capital at all costs after the transfer of the Republican government from Madrid to Valencia. In this capacity he prepared an effective defense plan for the city that prevented its fall. Afterwards, his fame as an organizer increased. As head of the Central Army HQ, he demonstrated outstanding performance in the planning of the main operations developed by the mentioned Army, in the battles of Jarama, Guadalajara, Brunete and Belchite.

With increased prestige, in March 23,1937 he was promoted to colonel, and after the formation of the Negrín government in May, was made Head of the General Command Staff of the Armed Forces and head of the General Staff of the Ground forces. From this new position he was in charge of directing the expansion of the Popular Army, and created the denominated Mobile Army, that served as the offensive advance force of the Republican Army. In October 22,1937 he was promoted to the rank of general. Throughout that year he planned the offensives of Huesca, Brunete, Belchite, Zaragoza and Teruel. He was awarded the highest republican decoration, the "Placa Laureada de Madrid" on January 11,1938 for his planning of the last mentioned operation

The most ambitious operation he carried out throughout 1938 was the offensive of the Ebro, a plan that grew from the previously mentioned tactical assumption developed in the Superior War School, that gave rise to the long running battles of the Ebro that developed from July 25 to November 16, 1938. In these battles the Republic gambled its international prestige, its endurance and the possibility of being able to give a favorable turn to the course of the war.

After the fall of Catalonia, in February 1939, he moved with the government to France, where on February 12,1939 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General, the second only of the republican army.

After a brief stay in that country, the Service of Emigration of Spanish Republicans (SERE) paid his passage to be transferred to Buenos Aires. Between 1943 and 1956 he taught as a professor in the Military school of Bolivia.

Rojo has been considered one of the most prestigious military officers of the Republic, and of the war as a whole. His figure was respected even by his nationalist opponents. The most surprising homage is Franco's portrayal of him in the film "Raza" In February 1957 he returned to Spain, where most of his family already lived. This return was made possible through a series of negotiations which involved several nationalist militars in Madrid, "F. José Luís Almenar Betancourt S.J"- a Jesuit who was in contact him during his stay in Bolivia-, and the Bishop of Cochabamba -who happened tho be an old military chaplain to the orders of Rojo-.

Although he was not bothered in the beginning by the Francoist authorities, on July 16, 1957 the "Special Court for the Repression of Masonery and Communism" informed him that he would be prosecuted for the crime of military rebellion, in his position as ex-commander of the Army. This was the customary if paradoxical felony charged on military professional officers who did not join the rebels in 1936. He was sentenced to 30 years, but did not served a single day (first as suspended sentence, and soon pardoned).

Vicente Rojo died at his home in Madrid, June 15,1966. Of the obituaries appearing in the Spanish press, only the one in "El Alcázar", -mouthpiece of the francoist ex-combatants- and the one by noted falangist writer Rafael Garcia Serrano in the party press, amply eulogized his military achievements

He wrote several books detailing his military experiences in the civil war, which were published in the following order: "¡Alerta a los pueblos!" (1939), "¡España heroica!" (1961) and "Así fue la defensa de Madrid" (1967).