Communication Moon Relay

Communication Moon Relay
Sailors on board the USS Hancock (CV-19) spelling out "Moon Relay." This picture was transmitted via moon bounce as part of the official Navy inauguration of the system.

The Communication Moon Relay project (also known as simply Moon Relay, or, alternatively, Operation Moon Bounce) was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a natural communications satellite - a technique known as EME (Earth-Moon-Earth) communications. Most of the project's work took place during the 1950s at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Operation Moon Relay was spun off from a classified military espionage program known as Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR).

Contents

Background

Communication Moon Relay grew out of many ideas and concepts in radio espionage. Some impetus for the project was provided by post-World War II efforts to develop methods of tracking radio signals, particularly those originating in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Other sources included earlier proposals to use the Moon as a radio wave reflector, which date back to 1928. The Project Diana program of the U.S. Army Signal Corps detected radar waves bounced off the Moon in 1946 and attracted the attention of Donald Menzel. Menzell was a staff member of the Harvard College Observatory and a former United States Navy Reserve commander, who proposed that the Navy undertake a program to use the Moon as a secure communications satellite.

Prior to the Moon Relay project, long distance wireless transmission required that radio waves be refracted by the Earth's ionosphere, which was sometimes disrupted by solar flares and geomagnetic storms. The Moon, and, later, artificial satellites, provided a target from which to reflect radio waves, enabling them to be promulgated even when the ionosphere was disturbed.

An entry in Trexler's notebook regarding moon bounce communications.

The developments in Moon circuit communications eventually came to the attention of James Trexler, a radio engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory. His interest was piqued by a paper published by researchers at an ITT laboratory. Trexler developed plans for a system designed to intercept Soviet radar signals by detecting the transmissions that bounced off the Moon. This program, codenamed "Joe," began making regular observations in August 1949. Within a year, "Joe" was made an official Navy intelligence program, the Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR).

In September 1950, a new parabolic antenna for the PAMOR project was completed at Stump Neck, Maryland. The first tests of this antenna were impressive; the returning signal was of much higher fidelity than expected. This presented the possibility of using a Moon circuit as a communications circuit. Unfortunately for PAMOR, collecting Soviet radar signals would require a larger antenna. Efforts began to have such an antenna constructed at Sugar Grove, West Virginia.

Development

With the PAMOR project requiring a larger antenna, the Stump Neck antenna was pushed into service for testing whether communication via the Moon was possible. This marked the emergence of the Moon Relay as a separate project. Test transmissions between Stump Neck and Washington, DC were carried out; the first satellite transmission of voice occurred on July 24, 1954. These were followed by the first transcontinental test of the system on November 20, 1955; the receiving site was the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, California. After corrections to reduce signal loss, the transmissions were extended to Wahiawa, Hawaii.

The Navy received the new system favorably. A Navy contract for the project soon followed the successful tests, and, among other things, it was recommended that American submarines use Moon-reflection paths for communications to shore.

Expansion

The Moon Relay project was soon transferred to the Communications Section of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Under this department, the system was upgraded to use the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The experimental system was transformed into a fully operational lunar relay system linking Hawaii with Washington, DC, which became functional in 1959. The new system was officially inaugurated in January 1960, when Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke sent a message to Commander, Pacific Fleet Felix Stump using the system.

The finished system used two sets of transmitters at Annapolis, Maryland and the Opana Radar Site in Hawaii and two sets of receivers at Cheltenham, Maryland and Wahiawa, Hawaii. It was later expanded to accommodate ship-to-shore transmissions to and from the USS Oxford (AGTR-1).

Results

The Moon Relay system became obsolete in the later 1960s as the Navy implemented its artificial satellite communication system. However, the information gleaned from the project in fact made the later artificial system possible. Additionally, the equipment used in the Communications Moon Relay project was of much use to U.S. Navy astronomers, as they used it to examine the Moon when the Moon was not in a position conducive to radio transmission. Although relatively short-lived, the Moon Relay served as a bridge to modern American military satellite systems.

References

  • Van Keuren, David K. (1997). Moon in Their Eyes: Moon Communication Relay at the Naval Research Laboratory, 1951-1962. In Butrica, Andrew J. (Ed.), Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217), pp. 9–18. [1]

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Moon bounce — may mean: Earth Moon Earth communication The Communication Moon Relay project, a US Navy Project which further developed EME Playground Inflatable castle This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an …   Wikipedia

  • Apollo Moon Landing hoax conspiracy theories — are claims that some or all elements of the Apollo Moon landings were faked by NASA and possibly members of other involved organizations. Some groups and individuals have advanced various theories which tend, to varying degrees, to include the… …   Wikipedia

  • USS Georgetown (AG-165) — USS Georgetown (AGTR 2/AG 165), was an Oxford class technical research ship acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of conducting research in the reception of electromagnetic propagations.Georgetown was a converted Liberty type cargo ship, was… …   Wikipedia

  • EME (communications) — Earth Moon Earth, also known as moon bounce, is a radio communications technique which relies on the propagation of radio waves from an earth based transmitter directed via reflection from the surface of the moon back to an earth based receiver.… …   Wikipedia

  • space exploration — Investigation of the universe beyond Earth s atmosphere by means of manned and unmanned spacecraft. Study of the use of rockets for spaceflight began early in the 20th century. Germany s research on rocket propulsion in the 1930s led to… …   Universalium

  • Colonization of Mars — An artist s conception of the colonization of Mars, with a cutaway showing part of the interior The colonization of Mars by humans is the focus of speculation and serious study because the surface conditions and availability of water on Mars make …   Wikipedia

  • Manned Space Flight Network — The Manned Space Flight Network (abbreviated MSFN, pronounced misfin ) was a set of tracking stations built to support the American space efforts of Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Skylab. There were two other space communication networks at this… …   Wikipedia

  • Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency — 宇宙航空研究開発機構 Reaching for the skies, exploring space Owner  Jap …   Wikipedia

  • Comparison of Asian national space programs — Several Asian countries have national space programs, and they are considered to be competing with each other to achieve scientific and technological advancements in space. The media has occasionally called this competition the Asian space… …   Wikipedia

  • International Space Station — ISS redirects here. For other uses, see ISS (disambiguation). International Space Station …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”