Mount Kelam

Mount Kelam
Location of Mount Kelam
Elevation	1,002 m (3,287 ft) [1]
Location
Location	West Kalimantan, Borneo

Mount Kelam (Indonesian: Gunung Kelam) is an exposed granitic dome in West Kalimantan, Borneo, with an elevation of 1,002 m.^[1]

In 1894, German botanist Johannes Gottfried Hallier became the second European to climb Mount Kemal, after a certain Dr. Gürtler.^[2] Hallier ascended the summit 5 times between January 30 and February 13.^[3] He wrote the following account of the mountain:

Mount K'lamm is a unique mountain of grand beauty. It rises singly and abruptly from a wide plane overgrown by young forest almost up to 1000 m above seal level and stretches approximately form west to east. Up to about half the mountain the steep slopes are covered with vigorous virgin forest, but the upper half is encompassed by mighty, almost vertical cliffs made of rock, over which water runs down in numerous gullies. Above the upper edge of the cliff there is high mountain vegetation compiled of bushes and small trees.
[translated from the original German^[4] in Pitcher Plants of the Old World]^[2]

The mountain's summit area was relatively inaccessible in Hallier's time and remains so today. Hallier described it as follows:

After once again climbing a steep slope with Gleichenia thickets, one stands suddenly beneath the high enclosing rock wall of the mountain ring. The smooth water-washed stone seamed with water channels shows no variation in structure, and it appears almost as if the whole mountain was composed of a single monstrous block of rock. On this wall has been erected the steep 45 metre high rattan ladder; it is secured only at the bottom, in the middle and in the solid earth at the top, the rest lying free against the stone.
[translated from the original Dutch^[5] and German^[4][6] in Pitcher Plants of Borneo]^[1]

Leptospermum trees form a sparse canopy on the mountain's upper slopes, while grasses and Sphagnum moss cover the ground.^[1] The critically endangered pitcher plant species Nepenthes clipeata is endemic to Mount Kelam.^[7] Other Nepenthes native to this mountain include N. albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. rafflesiana, and N. reinwardtiana.^[1][8] However, habitat stresses such as droughts and forest fires (particularly those caused by the El Niño of 1997–1998) have destroyed much of the summit vegetation.^[1][7][9] The highly sought-after N. clipeata has additionally suffered from overcollection by plant hunters and is now close to extinction in the wild.^[9][2]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Phillips, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
2. ^ ^{a b c} McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
3. ^ van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., et al. 2006. Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: Johann Gottfried ('Hans') Hallier. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
4. ^ ^{a b} (German) Hallier, H. 1896. Die botanische Erforschung Mittelborneos. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift 11(9): 75–79, 85–89, 97–101, 109–114.
5. ^ (Dutch) Hallier, H. 1895. Rapport over de botanische tochten in Borneo's Westerafdeeling gedurende de Borneo-expeditie 1893–1894. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 9(3): 406–449.
6. ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 43. 9. Nepenthes clipeata DANS., spec. nova. . In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
7. ^ ^{a b} Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
8. ^ Lee, C.C. 2011. A preliminary conservation assessment of Nepenthes clipeata (Nepenthaceae).PDF Ark of Life.
9. ^ ^{a b} Cantley, R., C.M. Clarke, J. Cokendolpher, B. Rice & A. Wistuba 2004. Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project. International Carnivorous Plant Society.