Cult of the Supreme Being

Maximilien Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794).

The Cult of the Supreme Being (French: Culte de l'Être suprême)^a was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution.^[1] It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic.^[2]

Origins

The French Revolution had given birth to many radical changes in France, but one of the most fundamental for the hitherto Catholic nation was the official rejection of religion. The first major organized school of thought emerged under the umbrella name of the Cult of Reason. Advocated by extreme radicals like Jacques Hébert and Antoine-François Momoro, the Cult of Reason distilled a mixture of largely atheistic views into a humanocentric philosophy. No gods at all were worshiped in the Cult – the guiding principle was devotion to the abstract conception of Reason.^[3] This bold rejection of all divinity appalled the rectitudinous Robespierre. Its offense was compounded by the "scandalous scenes" and "wild masquerades" attributed to its practice.^[4] In late 1793, Robespierre delivered a fiery denunciation of the Cult and its proponents^[5] and proceeded to give his own vision of proper Revolutionary religion. Devised almost entirely by his own hand, Le culte de l'Être suprême was formally announced before the French National Convention on 7 May 1794.^[6]

Inscription on the cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand, saying: "The French people recognize the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul".

Religious tenets

Robespierre believed that reason is only a means to an end, and the singular end is Virtue. He sought to move beyond simple deism (often described as Voltairean by its adherents) to a new and, in his view, more rational devotion to the godhead. The primary principles of the Cult of the Supreme Being were a belief in the existence of a god and the immortality of the human soul.^[7] Though not inconsistent with Christian doctrine, these beliefs were put to the service of Robespierre's fuller meaning, which was of a type of civic-minded, public virtue he attributed to the Greeks and Romans.^[8] This type of Virtue could only be attained through active fidelity to liberty and democracy.^[9] Belief in a living god and a higher moral code, he said, were "constant reminders of justice" and thus essential to a republican society.^[10]

Revolutionary impact

Robespierre used the religious issue to publicly denounce the motives of many radicals not in his camp, and it led, directly or indirectly, to the executions of Revolutionary de-Christianisers like Hébert, Momoro, and Anacharsis Cloots.^[11] The establishment of the Cult of the Supreme Being represented the beginning of the reversal of the wholesale de-Christianisation process that had been looked upon previously with official favor.^[12] Simultaneously it marked the apogee of Robespierre's power. Though in theory he was just an equal member of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre at this point possessed a national prominence bordering on the imperial.^[13]

Festival of the Supreme Being

The Festival of the Supreme Being, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy (1794).

To inaugurate the new state religion, Robespierre declared that 20 Prairial Year II (8 June 1794) would be the first day of national celebration of the Supreme Being, and future republican holidays were to be held every tenth day – the days of rest (décadi) in the new French Republican Calendar.^[14] Every locality was mandated to hold a commemorative event, but the event in Paris was designed on a massive scale. The festival was organized by the artist Jacques-Louis David and took place around a man-made mountain on the Champ de Mars.^[15] Robespierre assumed full leadership of the event, forcefully – and, to many, ostentatiously^[16] – declaring the truth and "social utility" of his new religion.^[17]

Legacy

The Cult of the Supreme Being and its much-derided festival can be said to have contributed to the Thermidorian reaction and the downfall of Robespierre.^[18] With his death at the guillotine on 28 July 1794, the cult lost all official sanction and disappeared from public view.^[19] It was officially banned by Napoleon Bonaparte with his Law on Cults of 18 Germinal, Year X.^[20]

See also

• Cult of Reason
• Reign of Terror
• Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution

Notes

• ^ a: The word "cult" in French (culte) means "a form of worship", without any of its negative or exclusivist implications in English: Robespierre intended it to appeal to a universal congregation.

References

1. ^ Jordan, David P. (1985). The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. University of Chicago Press. pp. 199ff.. ISBN 0226410374. http://books.google.com/books?id=fHGf9KgzbLgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+revolutionary+career+of+maximilien+robespierre#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
2. ^ Neely, Sylvia (2008). A Concise History of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 212. ISBN 0742534111. http://books.google.com/books?id=fccjTyOQiYwC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Oxford%20History%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q&f=false. "...(T)he Convention authorized the creation of a civic religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being. On May 7, Robespierre introduced the legislation...." 
3. ^ Kennedy, Emmet (1989). A Cultural History of the French Revolution. Yale University Press. p. 343. ISBN 0300044267. http://books.google.com/books?id=QhyjQgAACAAJ&dq=A+Cultural+History+of+the+French+Revolution. "Momoro explained, 'Liberty, reason, truth are only abstract beings. They are not gods....'" 
4. ^ Kennedy, p. 344.
5. ^ Kennedy, p. 344: "Robespierre lashed out against de-Christianization in the Convention...."
6. ^ Doyle, William (1989). The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Clarendon Press. p. 276. ISBN 0198227817. http://books.google.com/books?id=f5JfQgAACAAJ&dq=The%20Oxford%20History%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution. "The result was the cult of the Supreme Being launched by a speech from Robespierre to the Convention on 7 May." 
7. ^ Kennedy, p. 345.: "Robespierre followed a consistent line of argument...(that) God exists and that the soul is immortal."
8. ^ Žižek, Slavoj (2007). Robespierre: Virtue and Terror. New York: Verso. p. 111. ISBN 184467584X. http://books.google.com/books?id=RtJnAAAAMAAJ&q. "I [Robespierre] am talking about the public virtue that worked such prodigies in Greece and Rome, and that should produce far more astonishing ones in republican France...." 
9. ^ Lyman, Richard W.; Spitz, Lewis W. (1965). Major Crises in Western Civilization, Vol. 2. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 71–72. http://books.google.com/books?id=E7xBAAAAIAAJ&q=Major+Crises+in+Western+Civilization,+vol.+2&dq=Major+Crises+in+Western+Civilization,+vol.+2. 
10. ^ Doyle, p. 276.: "[Robespierre] proclaim[ed] that the French people recognized the existence of a Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul. These principles, declared Robespierre to applause, were a continual reminder of justice, and were therefore social and republican." See also p.262: "[Robespierre] believed that religious faith was indispensable to orderly, civilized society".
11. ^ Kennedy, p. 344.
12. ^ Kennedy, p. 344.: "Robespierre's influence was such that the de-Chistianization movement rapidly slackened...."
13. ^ Doyle, p. 277.: "He seemed to be speaking for the Committee of Public Safety more and more, and was certainly better known in the country at large than any of his colleagues. At Orléans, as well as in Paris, the Festival of the Supreme Being took place to cries of "Vive Robespierre"."
14. ^ Doyle, p. 276.
15. ^ Hanson, Paul R. (2004). Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 95. ISBN 0810850524. http://books.google.com/books?id=LfUBkACi3-wC&lpg=PA95&dq=cult%20of%20the%20supreme%20being&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false. "...[T]he Champ de Mars where David had created an enormous symbolic mountain."" 
16. ^ Doyle, p. 277: "'Look at the bugger,' muttered Thuriot, an old associate of Danton. 'It's not enough for him to be master, he has to be God.'"
17. ^ Kennedy, p. 345.
18. ^ Kennedy, p. 345.
19. ^ Neely, p. 230: "The fall of Robespierre brought an end to the Cult of the Supreme Being with which he had been closely identified. The new civic religion... had not had a chance to win many converts."
20. ^ Doyle, p. 389.

Further reading

• Rousseau's religious ideas with reference to the religious ideas prominent in the revolution and to their influence on Robespierre and Saint Just, doctoral thesis by Elma Gillespie Martin (1918, Cornell University)

External links

• The Supreme Being, by Maximilien Robespierre. Source: Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University, NY.
• Decree on Worship of the Supreme Being Source: Church and state in the modern age: a documentary history; J. F. Maclear, ed.; Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.