Christian IX of Denmark

Christian IX King of Denmark Reign 15 November 1863 - 29 January 1906 (&1000000000000004200000042 years, &1000000000000007500000075 days) Predecessor Frederick VII Successor Frederick VIII Spouse Louise of Hesse-Kassel Issue Frederick VIII of Denmark Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom George I of Greece Dagmar, Empress of Russia Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover Prince Valdemar House House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Mother Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Cassel Born 8 April 1818(1818-04-08) Gottorp Castle, Schleswig, Duchy of Schleswig Died 29 January 1906(1906-01-29) (aged 87) Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen Burial 15 February 1906 Roskilde Cathedral Religion Lutheranism Danish Royalty House of Oldenburg (Glücksburg branch) Christian IX Children    Frederick VIII    Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom    George I of Greece (formerly William)    Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia (formerly Dagmar)    Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland and Teviotdale    Prince Valdemar Frederick VIII Children    Christian X    Haakon VII of Norway (formerly Charles)    Princess Louise    Prince Harald    Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland    Princess Thyra    Prince Gustav    Princess Dagmar Christian X Children    Frederick IX    Hereditary Prince Knud Grandchildren     Princess Elisabeth Frederick IX Children    Margrethe II    Princess Benedikte    Anne-Marie, Queen of Greece Margrethe II Children (paternally Laborde of Monpezat)    Crown Prince Frederik    Prince Joachim Grandchildren    Prince Christian    Princess Isabella    Prince Nikolai    Prince Felix

Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 16 November 1863 to 29 January 1906.

Growing up as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a junior branch of the House of Oldenburg which had ruled Denmark since 1448, Christian was originally not in the immediate line of succession to the Danish throne. However, in 1852, Christian was chosen as heir to the Danish monarchy in the light of the predictable extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian acceded to the throne as the first Danish monarch of the House of Glücksburg.

He became known as "the father-in-law of Europe", as his six children married into other royal houses; most current European monarchs are descended from him: Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, King Harald V of Norway and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. Also, the consorts Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Sofía of Spain and Constantine II of Greece (the former and last King of the Hellenes) are all agnatic descendants of Christian IX.

Early life

Christian was born on 8 April 1818 at Gottorp Castle as Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, the fourth son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse. He was named after Prince Christian of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather.

Christian's father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825 Duke of Glücksburg.

Christian's father was the head of the ducal house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, a junior male branch of the House of Oldenburg which had ruled Denmark for centuries. Through his father, Christian was thus a direct male-line descendant of King Christian III of Denmark and an (albeit junior) agnatic descendant of Helvig of Schauenburg (countess of Oldenburg), mother of King Christian I of Denmark, who was the "Semi-Salic" heiress of her brother Adolf of Schauenburg, last Schauenburg duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein. As such, Christian was eligible to succeed in the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, but not first in the line.

Christian's mother was a daughter of Landgrave Charles of Hesse, a Danish Field Marshal and Royal Governor of the duchies of Scheswig and Holstein, and his wife Princess Louise of Denmark, a daughter of Frederick V of Denmark. Through his mother, Christian was thus a great-grandson of Frederick V, great-great-grandson of George II of Great Britain and descendant of several other monarchs, but had no direct claim to any European throne.

On 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law, Frederick VI of Denmark, as the elder Glücksburg line had become extinct in 1779. He subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and founded the younger Glücksburg line.

From an early age, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated in the Military Academy of Copenhagen.

Marriage

Christian's wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel.

As a young man, he unsuccessfully sought the hand of his third cousin Queen Victoria in marriage. At the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842, he married his second cousin Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), a niece of Christian VIII.

Heir to the throne

In 1847, under the blessing from the great powers of Europe, he was chosen as heir presumptive after the extinction of the most senior line to the Danish throne by Christian VIII, as the future Frederick VII seemed incapable of fathering children. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who - as a great-niece of Christian VII - was a closer heir to the throne than her husband.

How Christian became the heir

Christian IX

Frederick VII's childlessness had presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved problematic. Denmark's adherence to the Salic Law and a burgeoning nationalism within the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution. Proposed resolutions to keep the two Duchies together and as a part of Denmark proved unsatisfactory to both Danish and German interests. While Denmark had adopted the Salic Law, this only affected the descendants of Frederick III of Denmark, who was the first hereditary monarch of Denmark (before him, the kingdom was officially elective). Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless King Frederick VII and his equally childless uncle Prince Ferdinand. At that point, the law of succession promulgated by Frederick III provided for a Semi-Salic succession. There were however several ways to interpret to whom the crown could pass, since the provision was not entirely clear as to whether a claimant to the throne could be the closest female relative or not.

As the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Helvig of Schauenburg began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the senior branch of Helwig's descendants. In 1863, Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1829–1880) (the future father-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany), proclaimed himself Frederick VIII of Schleswig-Holstein. Frederick von Augustenburg became the symbol of the nationalist German independence-movement in Schleswig-Holstein, after his father (in exchange for money) renounced his claims as first in line to inherit the twin-duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Following the London protocol of 8 May 1852, which concluded the First war of Schleswig and given his father's renunciation, Frederick was deemed ineligible to inherit.

The closest female relatives of Frederick VII were his paternal aunt, Louise, who had married a scion of the cadet branch of the House of Hesse, and her daughters. However, they were not agnatic descendants of the royal family and thus not eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein.

The dynastic female heiress reckoned according to the original law of primogeniture of Frederick III was Caroline of Denmark (1793–1881), the childless eldest daughter of the late king Frederick VI. Along with another childless daughter Wilhelmine of Denmark (1808–1891), Duchess of Glücksburg, and sister-in-law of Christian IX, the next heir was Louise, sister of Frederick VI, who had married the Duke of Augustenburg. The chief heir to that line was the selfsame Frederick of Augustenborg, but his turn would have come only after the death of two childless princesses who were very much alive in 1863.

The House of Glücksburg also held a significant interest in the succession to the throne. A more junior branch of the royal clan, they were also descendants of Frederick III, through the daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Lastly, there was yet a more junior agnatic branch that was eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein. There was Christian himself and his three older brothers, the eldest of whom, Karl, was childless, but the others had produced children, and male children at that.

Prince Christian had been a foster "grandson" of the 'grandchildless' royal couple Frederick VI and his queen consort Marie (Marie Sophie Friederike of Hesse). Familiar with the royal court and the traditions of the recent monarchs, their young ward, Prince Christian was great-nephew of queen Marie, and descendant of a first cousin of Frederick VI. He was brought up as Danish, having lived in Danish-speaking lands of the royal dynasty, and had not become a German nationalist which made him a relatively good candidate from the Danish point of view. As junior agnatic descendant, he was eligible to inherit Schleswig-Holstein, but was not the first in line. As descendant of Frederick III, he was eligible to succeed in Denmark, although here too, he was not first in line.

In 1842, Christian married Princess Louise of Hesse, daughter of the closest female relative of Frederick VII. Louise's mother and brother, and elder sister too, renounced their rights in favor of Louise and her husband. Prince Christian's wife was now the closest female heiress of Frederick VII.

In 1852, the thorny question of Denmark's succession was resolved by the London Protocol of 8 May 1852, through which Christian was chosen as next in line for the throne after Frederick VII and his uncle. The decision was implemented by the Danish Law of Succession^{[disambiguation needed ]} of 31 July 1853 which designated him as heir to the entire Danish monarchy following the extinction of the male line of Frederick III and granted him the title Prince of Denmark.

Succession and Second Schleswig War

Main article: Second Schleswig War

Upon the death of Frederick VII on 15 November 1863, Christian succeeded to the throne as Christian IX. Denmark was immediately plunged into a crisis over the possession and status of Schleswig and Holstein, two provinces to Denmark's south. In November 1863 Frederick of Augustenburg claimed the twin-duchies in succession after King Frederick. Under pressure, Christian signed the November Constitution, a treaty that made Schleswig part of Denmark. This resulted in the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and a Prussian/Austrian alliance in 1864. The outcome of the war was unfavorable to Denmark and led to the incorporation of Schleswig into Prussia in 1865. Holstein was likewise incorporated into Prussia in 1865, following further conflict between Austria and Prussia.

Reign

Monument to King Christian IX in front of Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen.

Christian IX on a gold 20 Franc coin of the Danish West Indies, 1905.

The defeat of 1864 cast a shadow of Christian IX's rule for many years also because his attitude to the Danish case—probably without reason—was claimed to be half-hearted. This unpopularity was worsened, as he sought, unsuccessfully, to prevent the spread of democracy throughout Denmark by supporting the authoritarian and conservative prime minister Estrup whose rule 1875–94 was by many seen as a semi-dictatorship. However, he signed a treaty in 1874 which allowed Iceland, then a Danish possession, to have its own constitution, albeit one that still had Denmark ruling Iceland. In 1901, he reluctantly asked Johan Henrik Deuntzer to form a government and this resulted in the formation of the Cabinet of Deuntzer. The cabinet consisted of members of the Venstre Reform Party and was the first Danish government not to include the conservative party Højre, even though Højre never had a majority of the seats in the Folketing. This was the beginning of the Danish tradition of parliamentarism and clearly bettered his reputation for his last years.

Another reform occurred in 1866, when the Danish constitution was revised so that Denmark's upper chamber would have more power than the lower. Social security also took a few steps forward during his reign. Old age pensions were introduced in 1891 and unemployment and family benefits were introduced in 1892.

Issue

See also: Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX

Christian IX with family gathered in the Garden Hall of Fredensborg Palace in 1883 by Laurits Tuxen

Christian and Louise had six children:

Name	Birth	Death	Spouse	Children
Frederick VIII of Denmark	3 June 1843	14 May 1912	Princess Lovisa of Sweden	Christian X of Denmark Haakon VII of Norway Louise, Princess Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe Prince Harald of Denmark Princess Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland Princess Thyra of Denmark Prince Gustav of Denmark Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Jørgen Castenskiold
Alexandra of Denmark	1 December 1844	20 November 1925	Edward VII of the United Kingdom	Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale George V of the United Kingdom Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom Maud, Queen of Norway Prince Alexander John of Wales
George I of Greece	24 December 1845	18 March 1913	Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia	Constantine I of Greece Prince George of Greece and Denmark Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark
Dagmar of Denmark	26 November 1847	13 October 1928	Tsar Alexander III of Russia	Tsar Nicholas II of Russia Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia
Thyra of Denmark	29 September 1853	26 February 1933	Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland	Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenberg-Scherwin Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
Prince Valdemar of Denmark	27 October 1858	14 January 1939	Princess Marie of Orléans	Aage, Count of Rosenborg Prince Axel of Denmark Erik, Count of Rosenborg Viggo, Count of Rosenborg Margaret, Princess René of Bourbon-Parma

Europe's "Father in Law"

The six children of Christian IX and Queen Louise, photographed in 1882 at the occasion of their parents' Golden Jubilee. From the left: King George I of Greece, Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, Queen Alexandra of England, Crown Prince Frederik (VIII) of Denmark, Princess Thyra and Prince Valdemar.

Four of his children sat on the thrones (either as monarchs or as a consort) of Denmark, the United Kingdom, Russia and Greece. A fifth, daughter Thyra, would have become Queen of Hanover, had her husband's throne not been abolished before his reign began. The great dynastical success of the six children was to a great extent not the favor of Christian IX himself, but due to the dynastical ambitions of his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Some have compared her dynastical capabilities with those of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Christian's grandsons included Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, George V of the United Kingdom, Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway. He was, in the last years of his life, named Europe's "father-in-law". Today, most of Europe's reigning and ex-reigning royal families are direct descendants of Christian IX.

There is a story that, while on an outing with his children and their families, they happened across a lost man whom they helped to find his way. Upon reaching the road, the man inquired as to the identities of Christian and his family. Christian replied truthfully, stating the names and titles of all present. Not believing Christian but instead taking it in humour, he proclaimed himself to be Jesus Christ before thanking them and departing.

Death and succession

Queen Louise died on 29 September 1898 at Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen. Christian himself died peacefully of old age at 87 at the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen and was buried in Roskilde Cathedral. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Frederick VIII.

Titles and styles from birth to death

Monarchical styles of King Christian IX of Denmark
Reference style	His Majesty
Spoken style	Your Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

Titles and styles

• 8 April 1818 – 6 June 1825: His Serene Highness Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
• 6 June 1825 – 31 July 1853: His Serene Highness Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
• 31 July 1853 – 21 December 1858: His Highness Prince Christian of Denmark
• 21 December 1858 – 15 November 1863: His Royal Highness Prince Christian of Denmark
• 15 November 1863 – 29 January 1906: His Majesty King Christian IX of Denmark

Honours

Christian IX was the 1,007th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain in 1864 and the 744th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1865.

Ancestry

See also

• Danish royal family tree
• Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX

References

External links

• Royal House of Denmark
• Ducal House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
• Landgravial House of Hesse-Kassel
• The Danish Monarchy's official site
• A detailed listing of his descendants
• An ancestor chart of him ; not necessarily reliable

Christian IX House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg Born: 8 April 1818 Died: 29 January 1906
Regnal titles
Preceded by Frederick VII	King of Denmark 1863–1906	Succeeded by Frederick VIII
	Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg 1863–1864	Succeeded by William I

Persondata
Name	Christian IX of Denmark
Alternative names
Short description	Danish monarch
Date of birth	8 April 1818
Place of birth	Gottorp Castle, Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
Date of death	29 January 1906
Place of death	Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark