Phalaris (grass)

For the historical personage, see Phalaris.

Phalaris
Phalaris aquatica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Genus:	Phalaris
Species
15-22 species (see text)

Phalaris is a genus of grasses. Various species of Phalaris grow on every continent except Antarctica. They can be found in a broad range of habitats from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level and from wet marshy areas to dry places. P. arundinacea and P. aquatica are sometimes invasive species in wetlands.

Alkaloids

Some Phalaris species contain gramine, which, in sheep, can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death.^[1]

Phalaris arundinacea and Phalaris aquatica, as well as Phalaris brachystachys, are known to contain the alkaloids N,N-DMT , 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT.

Some research has been done into the variability of alkaloids in the Phalaris grasses. Strains with high levels of alkaloids are best avoided in locations with grazing cattle and sheep, due to potential toxicity. Such high-alkaloid strains include Phalaris Aquatica AQ-1 and the species Phalaris brachystachys. Seasonal and weather patterns also appear to affect alkaloid concentration, as most toxicity occurs in autumn and in times of drought. Regrowth after grazing or mowing also shows a considerable increase in alkaloids.

Phalaris Species Known to Contain Alkaloids

Species	Total Alkaloids (Dried)	DMT	5-MeO-DMT	5-OH-DMT
Phalaris aquatica	0.0007-0.18%[2]	0.100%[3]	0.022%[3]	0.005%[3]
Phalaris arundinacea	0.0004-0.121%[2]
Phalaris brachystachys	Aerial parts up to 3%	x

None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in P. californica, P. canariensis, P. minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.^[2]

Uses

Some species are used in dried flower arrangements. Phalaris canariensis is commonly used for birdseed.

Species

Species include:

• Phalaris amethystina Trin.
• Phalaris angusta - timothy canarygrass
• Phalaris aquatica - bulbous canarygrass, Harding grass, Hardinggrass, =Phalaris tuberosa
• Phalaris arundinacea - reed canary grass, reed canarygrass
• Phalaris brachystachys - shortspike canarygrass
• Phalaris californica - California canarygrass
• Phalaris canariensis - annual canarygrass, common canary grass, common canarygrass
• Phalaris caroliniana - Carolina canarygrass, "maygrass", see Eastern Agricultural Complex
• Phalaris coerulescens - sunolgrass
• Phalaris commutata
• Phalaris elongata Braun-Blanq.
• Phalaris lemmonii - Lemmon's canarygrass
• Phalaris minor - canarygrass, littleseed canarygrass
• Phalaris paradoxa - hood canarygrass
• Phalaris platensis Henrard ex Wacht.
• Phalaris truncata Guss. ex Bertol.

References

1. ^ Toxicants of Plant Origin - Google Book Search. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&id=eASgQyXq8xMC&pg=PA169&dq=%22mimosa+hostilis%22+dimethyltryptamine#PPA171,M1. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Lycaeum
3. ^ ^{a b c} Erowid Phalaris FAQ

External links

• USDA Plants Database
• Grass Genera of the World
• Jepson Manual Treatment
• Erowid Phalaris Vault
• The genus Phalaris in Ayahuasca

This Pooideae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · Categories: Entheogens Forages Pooideae Poaceae genera Pooideae stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат? Costa Zouliou Chayei Adam Look at other dictionaries: Phalaris arundinacea — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English PHALARIS CANARIENSIS L. - КАНАРЕЕЧНИК НАСТОЯЩИЙ, ПТИЧИЙ, КАНАРЕЕЧНОЕ СЕМЯ — см. 54. Однолетнее растение. Ph. canariensis L. К. настоящий, птичий, Канареечное семя Sp. pi. (1753) 54. Рожевиц, Фл. СССР II (1934) 53; (1937) 373, рис. Hitchcock (1935) 530, 531, 926. S y n. Ph. avicularis Salisb. М е с т н. н а з в. Англ.… …   Справочник растений Grass — Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass bass — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass bird — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass cloth — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass finch — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass lamb — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass land — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Grass moth — Grass Grass, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[ae]s, g[ae]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[ae]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”