Lejonbacken

Lejonbacken (Swedish: "Lion Slope") is a system of ramps leading up to the northern entrance of the Royal Palace in Stockholm, Sweden, during the 1780s named after the pair of sculpted lions prominently exposed on the stone railings of the ramps.

Setting

From the crest between the ramps is a panoramic view over the stately bridge Norrbro stretching across the Parliament island Helgeandsholmen over to square Gustav Adolfs torg, the latter flanked by the Royal Opera and the so called Palace of the Hereditary Prince housing the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The bridge was originally intended to be extended some ten kilometres further north to the royal gardens at Haga and a royal palace there never built. The eastern ramp leads down to Strömbron and Skeppsbron, and the western to Mynttorget, while the quay Slottskajen passes beneath the entire composition along the canal Stallkanalen.

Inside the north-eastern wing of the palace is the Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities. Opened in 1794 and thus one of the oldest museums in the world, it displays over 200 sculptures and antiquities collected by King Gustav III during a trip in Italy as they were originally exhibited.cite web
title = Gustav III*s Museum of Antiquties | date =
publisher = Royal Court | language = English
location = Stockholm | accessdate = 2007-02-19
url = http://www.royalcourt.se/theroyalpalaces/theroyalpalace/gustaviiismuseumofantiquities.4.19fe5e61065eb9aeea80004844.html]

Underneath the ramps is the Tre Kronor Museum. When inaugurated in 1999, it replaced an older and much smaller museum. It exhibits the history and archaeological remains of the medieval castle originally built in the 13th century and preceding the present palace. [cite journal
quotes = yes | author = Catrine Arvidsson
date = | year = 1999 | month = December
title = I djupa källarvalven - Museum Tre Kronor
journal = Kulturvärden | volume = | issue = 4/99
pages = 28–33 | url = http://www.sfv.se/cms/showdocument/documents/sfv/kulturvarden/1999_04/Artikel__992.pdf
language = Swedish | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-02-18] Inside the five metres thick medieval walls and under the large bricked vaults are historical objects and modern models retelling the development of the palace from its Viking origin in the 10th century.cite web
title = The Tre Kronor Museum | date =
publisher = Royal Court | language = English
location = Stockholm | accessdate = 2007-02-19
url = http://www.royalcourt.se/theroyalpalaces/theroyalpalace/thetrekronormuseum.4.19fe5e61065eb9aeea80003447.html]

History

Ramps for the northern front were originally included in proposals for a rebuilding of the medieval palace Tre Kronor in the mid 17th century, and elevations from the 1690s also featured lions. Though the old palace was completely destroyed in the devastating fire on May 7, 1697, a new proposal for the northern front was quickly produced, presenting the ramps mostly in their present shape. The portions of the ramps next to the façade were quickly completed and the lions and their plinths were installed in 1704. The work on the lower lateral parts were however not begun until after Norrbro, the bridge extending north from the palace, was completed in 1807, and not finished until 1826-1834 when the last stage of the construction was realized to the plans of Per Axel Nyström (1793-1868).cite book
title = Stockholms gatunamn | language = Swedish
edition = 2nd ed. | year = 1992
publisher = Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning
location = Stockholm | id = ISBN 91-7031-042-4
pages = 59 | chapter = Innerstaden: Gamla stan]

Models for the bronze lions were completed in 1700 by the French sculptor Bernard Foucquet the Younger (1640-after 1711cite web
title = Foucquet (Fouquet) | date =
publisher = artnet (Grove Dictionary of Art)
accessdate = 2007-02-18
url = http://www.artnet.com/library/02/0290/T029085.asp ] ), who used stone lions at the Villa Medici in Rome as prototypes for the commission, while the Crown had to melt sculptures taken at the Kronborg Castle in Denmark to assemble the required amount of bronze.

A wide range of rocks from various regional sources were used for the palace which is discernible in the northern front where hard to cut but more lasting rock is used for the bases and railings (e.g. so called "Stockholmsgranit", younger granite found readily around the capital, grey or red in colour), and less compact rock, easier to carve but less perpetual for more elaborated details - sandstone from Gotland for ornaments and mouldings, and marble from Kolmården for balustrades and bollards. The original plans of King Charles XIII to use granite for the northern front were finally carried through by King Charles XIV John using rock from just north of the city and from the never completed palace of Gustav III at Haga.cite journal
quotes = yes | author = Anna Birath, Pedro Gandra
date = | year = 1997 | month = September | title = Kungens stenhus
journal = Kulturvärden | volume = | issue = 3/97 | pages = 3–8 | url = http://www.sfv.se/cms/showdocument/documents/sfv/kulturvarden/1997_03/Artikel__246.pdf
language = Swedish | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-02-18 ]

The two columns flanking the central entrance are six metres tall and cut from single pieces. They made a lasting impression on their arrival to the capital and were the proud of the architect when erected in 1695 (thus two years before the great fire). The quadrangular pedestals were however substituted for painted cast iron in the mid 19th century.

In 2000, a public convenience from the mid 18th century, arguably the oldest of the city, was discovered under the ramps following an archaeological excavation. It used the water of the canal passing in front of the palace, both to a precursor to the modern W.C. and to dispose the waste matter.cite web
title = Nytt flugmöte funnet vid Lejonbacken | date = 2000-11-24
publisher = Statens Fastighetsverk | accessdate = 2007-02-19 | language = Swedish
url = http://www.sfv.se/cms/showdocument/documents/sfv/pressmeddelanden/2000/Nytt_flug_154.pdf]

In 2006 the old façade lightning was replaced by a new, doubling the amount of light while considerably reducing the energy required and giving enhanced prominence to details and nuances.cite web
title = Kungliga Slottet i Stockholm är tänt | date = 2006-03-30
publisher = Statens Fastighetsverk | language = Swedish
location = Stockholm | accessdate = 2007-02-18
url = http://www.sfv.se/cms/sfv/aktuellt/press/press_2006/Kungliga_Slottet_i_Stockholm_ar_tant.html ]

References

See also

* List of streets and squares in Gamla stan
* Slottsbacken

External links

* [http://www.thailandresor.se/stockholm/lejonbacken.html Panorama of Lejonbacken] (QTVR)
* [http://www.royalcourt.se/theroyalpalaces/theroyalpalace/gustaviiismuseumofantiquities.4.19fe5e61065eb9aeea80004844.html Royal Court - Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities] en icon
* [http://www.royalcourt.se/theroyalpalaces/theroyalpalace/thetrekronormuseum.4.19fe5e61065eb9aeea80003447.html Royal Court - Museum Tre kronor] en icon