# Sampling rate

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Sampling rate

Analog signal and resulting sampled signal.
The sampling rate, sample rate, or sampling frequency defines the number of samples per second (or per other unit) taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. For time-domain signals, it can be measured in hertz (Hz). The inverse of the sampling frequency is the sampling period or sampling interval, which is the time between samples. [cite book | title = Communications Standard Dictionary | author = Martin H. Weik | publisher = Springer | year = 1996 | isbn = 0412083914 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ND2c1uq53TIC&pg=PA866&ots=jyC7vyPLLQ&dq=%22sampling+rate%22+frequency+period&sig=40Pw5vlPE-hXuM4-Rh3lpONQ6g4 ]

The concept of sampling frequency can only be applied to samplers in which samples are taken periodically. Some samplers may sample at a non-periodic rate.

The common notation for sampling frequency is $f_s$ which stands for frequency (subscript) sampled.

ampling theorem

The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that perfect reconstruction of a signal is possible when the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal being sampled, [C. E. Shannon, "Communication in the presence of noise", Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 10–21, Jan. 1949. [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf Reprint as classic paper in: "Proc. IEEE", Vol. 86, No. 2, (Feb 1998)] ] or equivalently, that the Nyquist frequency (half the sample rate) exceeds the highest frequency of the signal being sampled. If lower sampling rates are used, the original signal's information may not be completely recoverable from the sampled signal.

For example, if a signal has an upper band limit of 100 Hz, a sampling frequency greater than 200 Hz will avoid aliasing and allow theoretically perfect reconstruction.

Oversampling

In some cases, it is desirable to have a sampling frequency considerably more than twice the desired system bandwidth so that a digital filter can be used in exchange for a weaker analog anti-aliasing filter.This process is known as oversampling. [cite book | title = Signals, Sound, and Sensation | author = William Morris Hartmann | publisher = Springer | year = 1997 | isbn = 1563962837 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3N72rIoTHiEC&pg=PA485&ots=GT7aaJK5vq&dq=over-sampling+digital-filter+audio&sig=0ZvXTWSZNb0E1Ugm0_qoF8z-Z7E ]

Audio

In digital audio, common sampling rates are:

Video systems

In digital video, the temporal sampling rate is defined the frame/field rate, rather than the notional pixel clock. The image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the sensor integration period. Since the integration period may be significantly shorter than the time between repetitions, the sampling frequency can be different from the inverse of the sample time.
* 50 Hz - PAL video
* 60 / 1.001 Hz - NTSC video

When analog video is converted to digital video, a different sampling process occurs, this time at the pixel frequency, corresponding to a spatial sampling rate along scan lines. Some common pixel sampling rates are:
*13.5 MHz - CCIR 601, D1 videoSpatial sampling in the other direction is determined by the spacing of scan lines in the raster. The sampling rates and resolutions in both spatial directions can be measured in units of lines per picture height.

Spatial aliasing of high-frequency luma or chroma video components shows up as a moiré pattern.

ee also

* Continuous signal vs. Discrete signal
* MP3
* Digital control
* Sample and hold
* Sample (signal)
* Sampling (signal processing)
* Sample rate conversion
* Signal (information theory)
* Bit rate

References

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### Look at other dictionaries:

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• sampling rate — kvantavimo dažnis statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. sampling frequency; sampling rate vok. Abtastfrequenz, f; Abtastgeschwindigkeit, f; Abtastrate, f rus. частота квантования, f pranc. cadence d échantillonnage, f; fréquence d… …   Automatikos terminų žodynas

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• sampling rate — noun (telecommunication) the frequency of sampling per unit time • Topics: ↑telecommunication, ↑telecom • Hypernyms: ↑rate • Hyponyms: ↑Nyquist rate …   Useful english dictionary

• sampling rate — number of sound samples per second which a sound card can receive or put out …   English contemporary dictionary

• sampling rate — F/A/V how many samples of the analog signal are taken in a given time interval in creating the digital signal …   Audio and video glossary

• Sampling (signal processing) — Signal sampling representation. The continuous signal is represented with a green color whereas the discrete samples are in blue. In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the …   Wikipedia

• Sampling — Sam|pling auch: Samp|ling 〈[sa:mplıŋ] n. 15; unz.; Mus.〉 1. das Sampeln 2. Aufnahmetechnik, bei der verschiedene Tonquellen wie z. B. Musikstücke, Alltagslärm, Kommentare usw. mittels eines Mischpultes auf einem Tonband zusammengeführt u. zu… …   Universal-Lexikon

• sampling frequency — kvantavimo dažnis statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. sampling frequency; sampling rate vok. Abtastfrequenz, f; Abtastgeschwindigkeit, f; Abtastrate, f rus. частота квантования, f pranc. cadence d échantillonnage, f; fréquence d… …   Automatikos terminų žodynas