Alert dialog box

An alert dialog (or dialogue) is a colloquial (though commonly accepted) term for a particular type of dialog box that occurs in a graphical user interface. It is also known as an alert box, alert window, error dialog, alert popup or plainly alert.

The typical alert dialog provides information in a separate box to the user, after which the user can only respond in one way: by closing it. Closing an alert dialog will provide access to the original window, which is not available while the alert dialog is presented.

Alert dialogs that block the application are regarded as a bad design solution by usability practitioners, since they are prone to produce mode errors. Also when used as error dialogs, they have been shown to be ineffective in their goals to inform users about an error condition or protect from a destructive operation.

Usage

Alerts have several typical uses [ [http://java.sun.com/products/jlf/ed2/book/HIG.Dialogs5.html Java Look and Feel Design Guidelines, second edition.] ] :
* Error: informs the user than an operation could not continue or complete due to some insurmountable error.
* Warning: alerts that the current course of action could be in some way dangerous or detrimental, and to offer the option of not proceeding.
* Info: presents a general notification about a recent event.
* Question: to elicit from the user a piece of information, required to complete the current process.

"Warning" and "question" alerts typically offer two opposite options to close the dialog ("Allow/Deny", "OK/Cancel", "Yes/No") with the implicit assumption that one will proceed with the paused process that triggered the dialog, and the other one will interrupt the process without action.

A good practice in interface design, often included in Human Interface Guidelines, is to label each option with the precise effect that it will have on the process (for example, "Save/Don't save" in a dialog triggered while editing a document with unsaved changes).

Example

alert() is the name of the method used in JavaScript to spawn an alert dialog. The argument to the method is the text to be displayed in the window.

A dialog created this way will contain a yellow triangle warning symbol (similar to those found on electrical devices), the text of the warning message, and a single button saying "OK" which will close the window.

Such a dialog also assumes control over the user interface, preventing the user from proceeding with any other task in the application until the dialog window is closed.

Used along with a technique to execute it in a web page, the following JavaScript code:

alert('This alert dialog tells you something important.');

will create the following alert dialog (when viewed with Mozilla running on Windows XP):

Criticism

Modal alert dialogs are generally frowned upon by experts in usability and human-computer interaction, since they are prone to produce mode errors due to their unrequested nature. A study to appear at the "Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society" showed that when a user dialog appears, the primary goal of users is typically to get rid of them as soon as possible [ [http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080923-study-confirms-users-are-idiots.html Fake popup study sadly confirms most users are idiots] Ars Technica, September 23, 2008] even without any analysis of the causes for the dialog appearance. When asked, users dismissed any dialog box as a distraction from their assigned task.

This is explained by a common complaint about the wording of the message in the alert box, which is often incomprehensible to the user. In applications without proper user-centered design, the developers decide the text of the message, including terms and concepts from the mental model of the programmer, not of the user's view of the world. Since the dialog doesn't work to accomplish the user needs, the common reaction will be to dismiss the alert without further consideration. [Raymond Chen, The Old New Thing: [http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2003/09/01/54734.aspx The default answer to every dialog box is "Cancel"] ]

Dangerous actions should be undoable wherever possible; a modal dialog that appears unexpectedly or which is dismissed by habituation will not protect from the dangerous action. [cite book | last = Raskin| first = Jef | title = The Humane Interface | publisher = Addison Wesley | date = 2000 | isbn = 0201379376 ] This problem can be avoided by providing an Undo action instead of a warning. [Aza Raskin, A List Apart: [http://www.alistapart.com/articles/neveruseawarning Never Use a Warning When you Mean Undo] ]

Another recognized problem is that, as a modal window, the dialog blocks all workflow in the program until it is closed. Users may not recognize that the dialog requires their attention, leading to confusion about the main window being non-responsive, or causing loss of the user's data input. This often happens in data entry forms after an error alert produced by invalid data. The preferred design include changing a visual aspect of the input element to reflect an invalid entry (such as applying a red border), or adding a character such as an asterisk next to the input element that needs to be corrected. [cite book | last = Cooper | first = Alan | title = About Face 2.0: The Essentials of Interaction Design | publisher = Wiley | date = March 17, 2003 | isbn = 0764526413 ]

References

External links

* [http://www.slideshare.net/blider/designing-around-dialogs/ Designing Around Dialogs] , a presentation about the usage problems of alert dialogs.