Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA and Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures

The Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA and the Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures, or EASE/ACCESS, were a pair of Space Shuttle flight experiments that were performed on STS-61-B, on November 29 and December 1, 1985. The purpose of the experiments was to study how quickly astronauts would become proficient at assembling space structures during extravehicular activity, and how quickly they would become fatigued, and to explore various construction and maintenance techniques. In particular, researchers studied the applied moments arising in the manual assembly of a large space structure.cite journal
last = Cousins
first = D.
coauthors = Akin, D.L.
title = Moments applied in the manual assembly of space structures: EASE biomechanics results from STS-61B.
journal = Acta Astronaut
volume = 19
issue = 12
pages = 973–9
publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information.
date = December 1989
url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11541162&dopt=Abstract
accessdate = 2006-12-26
doi = 10.1016/0094-5765(89)90092-1 ] [cite web
last = Neal
first = Valerie
coauthors = McMahan, Tracy and Dooling, Dave
title = Chapter 9 - Testing New Technology.
work = NP-119 Science in Orbit: The Shuttle & Spacelab Experience, 1981-1986
url = http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/ch9.htm
accessdate = 2006-12-26 ]

EASE was a project of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the Space Systems Laboratory at MIT (later at the University of Maryland). ACCESS was developed by NASA's Langley Research Center. [cite web
last = von Ofenheim
first = Bill
title = Space Shuttle Atlantis ACCESS EVA
work = NASA Langley Research Center - Multimedia Repository
publisher = NASA
date = 2003-03-10
url = http://lisar.larc.nasa.gov/UTILS/info.cgi?id=EL-1996-00066
accessdate = 2006-12-26]

Experiment and EVAs

Astronauts Jerry L. Ross and Sherwood C. Spring repeatedly assembled a Convert|3.7|m|ft|adj=on tetrahedral truss (EASE) and a triangular column truss (ACCESS) during two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs). The first EVA was devoted to studying human performance in assembly techniques, while the second was dedicated to supplementary experiments, including alternative construction techniques and maintenance scenarios.cite press release
title = Space Shuttle Mission STS-61B
publisher = NASA
date = November 1985
url = http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_023_STS-61B_Press_Kit.pdf
accessdate = 2006-12-28 ]

The EASE structure consisted of six identical aluminum beams, each convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on long and weighing convert|64|lb|kg|abbr=on, connected by four nodal joints. ACCESS consisted of 93 tubular aluminum struts, each convert|1|in|mm|sing=on in diameter—thirty-three convert|4.5|ft|m|abbr=on struts, and sixty convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on struts—connected by thirty-three nodal joints.

While assembling the EASE structure, the astronauts moved about the structure under their own power. For the assembly of the ACCESS structure, the astronauts were secured to a mobile platform on the Remote Manipulator System, which was guided by astronaut Mary L. Cleave.

A stereoscopic camera system recorded the movements of the structural beams during assembly. Taking into account the effects of inertia, drag, and virtual mass, researchers used this data to reconstruct the applied moments. The structure was also assembled in neutral buoyancy simulation, and the two environments were compared.

The EVAs were also recorded by an IMAX camera mounted in the shuttle cargo bay.

Results

Applied moments during EVA were found to be on the order of 2.0 N·m. In neutral buoyancy simulation, the applied moments were around five times greater than those during EVA. Assembly time during EVA was around 20% less than in neutral buoyancy simulation. The learning curve was on the order of 78%, and was unaffected by the strength, coordination, or size of the astronaut, or the fit of the space suit. [cite web
last =Harkins
first = Wil
title = Public Lessons Learned Entry: 0833
publisher = NASA
date = 1994-12-01
url = http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/llis/0833.html
accessdate = 2006-12-26 ] In both environments, moments were applied as short impulses, interspersed by several seconds of coasting.

Conclusion

The EASE/ACCESS experiments were deemed to be successful. The information gathered provided a basis for planning future manually assembled space structures, and in the process, NASA accrued valuable EVA assembly experience. The team responsible for the EASE project was awarded a NASA Group Achievement Award. [cite web
last = National Research Council
title = Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
work = Laying the Foundation for Space Solar Power: An Assessment of NASA's Space Solar Power Investment Strategy
publisher = The National Academies Press
date = 2001
url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10202&page=66
accessdate = 2006-12-26 ]

ee also

*List of spacewalks and moonwalks
*Space Shuttle program
*Human factors

References

External links

* [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/OConnorBD/OConnorBD_3-17-04.pdf NASA Oral History Project - Bryan D. O'Connor] (PDF)