Sanbenito

Sambenito was a penitential garment, especially during the Spanish Inquisition, similar to a scapular either yellow with red St. Andrew's crosses for penitent heretics or black and decorated with friars, dragons and devils for impenitent heretics to wear at an auto de fé (meaning acts of faith) – burning at the stake.

In Spanish, "San Benito" means "Saint Benedict".

The heretics, found guilty by the inquisitors, had to walk in the procession wearing the "sambenito", the coroza, the rope around the neck, and in their hands a yellow wax candle.The tunic of yellow cloth reaching down to the knees of the wearer, with figures of monks, dragons and demons in the act of augmenting flames, signifies that the heretic is impenitent and is condemned to burn at the stakes. If an impenitent is converted just before the procession, then the sambenito is painted with the flames downward, which is called "fuego repolto", and it means that the heretic is not to be burnt alive at the stake, but to have the sympathy of being strangled before the fire is applied to the stake.

The third type of penitential garment was for those who repented before they were sentenced. It was a simple yellow scapulary with a red cross, and a conical cap, dominated "coroza", which was formed of the same material as the "sambenito", and decorated with similar crosses but no paintings, figures or flames and the wearer is only to do penance.The "sambenito" should not be confused with the yellow robes worn by some monks; which are also garments related to penitence and which is one reason that made the Inquisition to prefer common woolen dyed yellow with red crosses with red crosses for the sambenito. Such were the penitential robes in 1514, when Cardinal Francisco Ximénez de Cisneros transformed the common crosses for those of St. Andrew. The inquisitors afterwards designated a different tunic for each class of penitents.

Originally the penitential garments were hung up in the churches as mementos of disgrace to their wearers, and as the trophies of the Holy Inquisition.The lists of the punished were also called sambenitos.The bearers of the surnames of those listed in the church of Santo Domingo in Palma de Mallorca were discriminated against as "xuetas" (the local name for Converso Jews), even when those surnames were also born by Old Christians and the surnames of other Majorcan Judaizers were not preserved at the cathedral.

In popular culture

In the television series Millennium, created by Chris Carter, (episode Kingdom Come), a serial killer use a sambenito on a Catholic priest he burns at the stake outside his church.

See also

* Inquisition
* Inquisitorial system
* List of Grand Inquisitors of Spain
* Histoire de l'Inquisition en France
* Vatican Secret Archives