Short SC.1

infobox Aircraft
name=SC.1
type=Experimental aircraft
manufacturer=Short Brothers


caption="XG900" colour profile
designer=
first flight=2 April 1957 (CTOL) 26 May 1958 (VTOL)
introduced=
retired=1971
status=
primary user=Royal Aircraft Establishment
more users=
produced=
number built=2
unit cost=
variants with their own articles=The Short SC.1 was the first British fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. The SC.1 was designed to study the problems with VTOL flight and the transition to and from forward flight.

Design and development

The SC.1 was designed to meet a Ministry of Supply request for tender (ER.143T) for a vertical take-off research aircraft issued in September 1953. The design was accepted by the ministry and a contract was placed for two aircraft (XG900 and XG905) to meet Specification ER.143D dated 15 October 1954.

The SC.1 was a single-seat, low wing, tailless delta wing aircraft of approximately 8,000 lb all-up weight (max. 7,700 lb for vertical flight). It was powered by four vertically-mounted, lightweight Rolls-Royce RB108 lift engines providing a total vertical thrust of 8,600 lb and one RB.108 cruise engine in the rear to provide thrust for forward flight. The lift engines were mounted vertically in side-by-side pairs in a central bay so that their resultant thrust line passed close to the centre of gravity of the aircraft. These pairs of engines could be swivelled about transverse axes; they were therefore able to produce vectored thrust for acceleration/deceleration along the aircraft's longitudinal axis.

Bleeds from the four lift engines (using approximately 10% of the intake air mass/thrust) powered variable nose, tail and wing tip jets providing pitch, roll and yaw control at low speeds, when there was insufficient airflow over the control surfaces for conventional control. Fuel tanks were located along the wing leading edges and in "bag" tanks fitted between the main wing spars.Winchester 2005, p. 223.]

The SC.1 was also equipped with the first "fly-by-wire" control system for a VTOL aircraft. This permitted three modes of control of the aerodynamic surfaces and/or the nozzle controls:
# Aerodynamic surfaces and air-jet nozzles controlled electrically via three independent servo-motors (with "three-way parallel" or "triplex" fail-safe operation) in conjunction with three autostabilizer control systems ("full fly-by-wire")
# Hybrid-mode, in which the nozzles were controlled by servo/autostabilizer and the aerodynamic surfaces were linked directly to the manual controls
# Direct mode, in which all controls were linked to the control stickModes 1 and 2 were selected on the ground; whenever the autostabilizer was in use, the pilot had an emergency override lever available with which to revert to direct control mode in flight.The outputs from the three control systems were compared and a "majority rule" enforced, ensuring that a failure in a single system was overridden by the other two (presumably correct) systems. Any failure in a "fly-by-wire" pathway was indicated to the pilot as a warning, which he could either choose to ignore or respond to by switching to direct (manual) control.

In common with other VTOL aircraft, the Short SC.1 suffered from vertical thrust loss due to the ground effect. [For two Wiki articles discussing "ground effect" see ground effect and vortex ring] Research into this on scale models suggested that for the SC.1 these losses would be between 15% and 20% at undercarriage height. [ Wyatt, L.A. [http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/rm/3313.pdf "Tests on the Loss of Vertical Jet Thrust due to Ground Effect on Two Simple VTOL Planforms, with Particular Reference to the Short SCI Aircraft (R & M No, 3313".] London: HMSO.Retrieved: 12 December 2007.] . Fixed undercarriage legs were designed specifically for vertical flight with each leg carrying a pair of castoring wheels (the rear undercarriage was also fitted with disc brakes). Long-stroke oleos were used to cushion vertical landings.Winchester 2005, p. 223.] The robust gear was able to withstand a descent rate of 18 ft (5.5m) per second. [Winchester 2005, p. 222.]

Testing

Constructed at Short's Belfast factory in Northern Ireland, the SC.1 first undertook initial engine runs at this facility. After being transported by sea to Britain, the prototype was delivered to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Boscombe Down. The first conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) flight was made on 2 April 1957. Just over a year later the first tethered vertical flight was made on 26 May 1958, followed on 25 October of that year by the first free vertical flight. The first in-flight transition was made on 6 April 1960.

The SC.1 was shown at the Farnborough Airshow in 1960 and the Paris Air Show in 1961. Due to a malfunction of the controls, the second test aircraft crashed in Belfast on 2 October 1963, killing the pilot, J.R. Green. [ [http://www.davidsiddall.com/testflyingmemorial/1945onwards.htm Test Flying Memorial site] ] The aircraft itself was rebuilt for further testing. [ [http://www.vstol.org/wheel/VSTOLWheel/ShortSC-1.htm Short SC.1 at www.vstol.org] ]

The SC.1 flew for over ten years, providing a great deal of data that influenced later design concepts such as the "puffer jet" controls on the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The work relating to vertical takeoff and landing techniques was also invaluable.The first SC-1 ("XG900") was used until 1971 for VTOL research and is now part of the Science Museum's aircraft collection at South Kensington, London. The second SC-1 ("XG905") can be seen at the Flight Experience exhibit at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, Northern Ireland

Operators

;UK
*Royal Aircraft Establishment

pecifications

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=jet
ref=British Aircraft Directory [cite web|url=http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=371|title=Short SC.1]
crew=1
capacity=
payload main=
payload alt=
length main=25 ft 6 in
length alt=7.77 m
span main=23 ft 6 in
span alt=7.16 m
height main= ft in
height alt= m
area main=211.5 ft²
area alt=19.65 m²
airfoil=
empty weight main=6,620 lb
empty weight alt=3,000 kg)
* Loaded weight (CTOL): 8,050 lb (3,650 kg)
* Loaded weight (VTOL): 7,700 lb (3,490 kg
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main=
max takeoff weight alt=
more general=
* Powerplant:
** Lift: 4× Rolls-Royce RB108 turbojets, 2,130 lbf (9.47 kN) each
** Forward flight: 1× Rolls-Royce RB108 turbojets, 2,130 lbf each
max speed main=246 mph
max speed alt=214 knots, 396 km/h
range main=150 mi
range alt=130 NM, 240 km
ceiling main= ft
ceiling alt= m
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=
loading main=38.1 lb/ft²
loading alt=186 kg/m²
thrust/weight=
more performance=
* Thrust/weight (CTOL): 0.265
* Thrust/weight (VTOL): 1.11
armament=
avionics=

References

Notes

Bibliography

*Illingworth J. K. B. and Chinn H.W. "Variable Stability and Control Tests on the S.C.1 Aircraft in Jet-Borne Flight, with Particular Reference to Desirable VTOL Flying Qualities (R & M No, 3584)". London: HMSO, 1969. p. 37.
* [http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/rm/3584.pdf "Variable Stability and Control Tests on the S.C.1 Aircraft in Jet-Borne Flight".] Retrieved: 11 December 2007.
* Winchester, Jim. "Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft". Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange books plc, 2005. ISBN 1-84013-809-2.

External links

* [http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=371 British Aircraft Directory entry]
* [http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1939-1968/IC.069/ SC.1 at Making the Modern World site]

ee also

aircontent
related=
similar aircraft=
sequence=
lists=
* List of experimental aircraft
see also=