- Roman relations with the Armenians
Contacts between the
Italian peninsula and theArmenian Highland go back to theIron Age when theEtruscan civilization traded with theKingdom of Urartu by way ofPhrygia andAncient Greece . Urartian bronzes, bull-headedcauldrons and pottery were excavated in various parts of Etruscan Italy particularly inTuscany . [K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop, "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs," Iraq, XVIII (1956)] TheRoman Republic played a pivotal role in the re-establishment of theKingdom of Armenia in189 BC .Antiochus III the Great was defeated at theBattle of Magnesia by the Romans which in turn allowed the Armenianstrategoi of Antiochus, Artaxias andZariadres to take control of an independent Armenian Kingdom. The Romans perceiving themselves as the legitimate successors of theSeleucids began to play a more aggressive role in the affairs of theHellenistic world ofAsia Minor starting with the acquisition ofPergamum in133 BC . TheThird Mithridatic War (75–65 BC ) led Roman forces for the first time directly to the Armenian border. From that point on until the demise of the Kingdom of Armenia in428 , Rome played a significant role in the affairs of Armenia and Armenians. This article explores the history of that relationship, a relationship which alternated between harmony and conflict.Relations during the Roman Republic
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
In
70 BC the Pontic kingMithridates VI Eupator abandonedLesser Armenia and fled eastward seeking protection at the court of his son-in-lawTigranes II the Great inGreater Armenia . The Roman generalLucius Licinius Lucullus sent his legate Appius Claudius to Armenia as an emissary. Tigranes received Appius inAntioch . Tigranes was given an ultimatum, surrender Mithridates or face an all out war with Rome. Tigranes denied the Romans their prize and in69 BC Lucullus launched the first Roman invasion of Armenia. Tigranes had already faced the Romans in battle when he had attempted to annexCappadocia and was driven back byLucius Cornelius Sulla in92 BC , this time he gathered a stronger army backed by Greek mercenaries. The combined forces of Tigranes and Mithridates were defetead at theBattle of Tigranocerta by the Romans and both monarchs fled to Northern Armenia near the Iberian border. Lucullus systematically dissolved the Armenian Empire of Tigranes and freed the enslaved regions that Tigranes had captured from theParthians . Tigranes attempted to secure an alliance withPhraates III ofParthia but naturally Phraates declined the offer and assumed neutrality for the time being. Parthian reluctance to interfere gave Lucullus the confidence to move ahead and attack the second capital of Tigranes in68 BC atArtaxata . Following theBattle of Artaxata , Lucullus failed to capture either one of the monarchs yet again. Frustrated because of the rough terrain of Norther Armenia, Lucullus moved back south and plunderedNisibis which was held by the brother of Tigranes. This allowed Mithridates to regroup by raising a small army and slaughtering all the Romans in Pontus (two whole legions atZela alone under the command of Valerius Trianus), he then awaited Median reinforcements from Tigranes at the citadel of Talaura in Lesser Armenia. Hearing news of this bloodbath, Lucullus ordered his troops to Lesser Armenia but the troops refused and instead agreed to move West and assume a defensive position inGalatia . Pontus and Armenia were now once again under the full control of Mithridates and Tigranes. TheRoman Senate , greatly embarrassed of the outcome, voted to recall Lucullus.Pompey the Great
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Mark Antony
Relations during the Julio-Claudian dynasty
Relations during the Flavian dynasty
Relations during the reign of Five Good Emperors
Relations during the Severan dynasty
Relations during the Theodosian dynasty
Relations with the Eastern Empire
Notes
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