Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Abudu

SCOTUSCase
Litigants=Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Abudu
ArgueDate=December 1
ArgueYear=1987
DecideDate=March 1
DecideYear=1988
FullName=Immigration and Naturalization Service, Petitioner v. Assibi Abudu
USVol=485
USPage=94
Citation=108 S. Ct. 904; 99 L. Ed. 2d 90; 1988 U.S. LEXIS 1066; 56 U.S.L.W. 4195
Prior=Denial of motion to reopen deportation proceedings affirmed by Board of Immigration Appeals. Judgment reversed by Ninth Circuit, 802 F.2d 1096 (9th Cir. 1986). Cert. granted, 480 U.S. 937 (1987)
Subsequent=None
Holding=Federal courts of appeals must review denials of motions to reopen immigration proceedings for abuse of discretion.
SCOTUS=1988-1990
Majority=Stevens
JoinMajority=Rehnquist, Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, O'Connor, Scalia, White
NotParticipating=Kennedy
LawsApplied=8 C.F.R. § 208.11A case in the United States Supreme Court, "Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Abudu", 485 U.S. 94 (1988), shifted the balance toward adjudications made by the INS and away from those made by the federal courts of appeals when aliens who had been ordered deported seek to present new evidence in order to avoid deportation. The court ruled that courts must review the Board of Immigration Appeals's decision to deny motions to reopen immigration proceedings—the name of the procedural device used to present new evidence to immigration officials—for abuse of discretion.

Facts

Abudu first came to the United States from his native Ghana in 1965 as a student. He went to medical school, and spent the summer of 1973 in his home country. When Abudu returned to the United States that fall, his student visa allowed him to remain until 1976. When the visa expired, however, Abudu did not return to Ghana. Instead, he remained in the United States and married an American citizen. In 1981, Abudu pleaded guilty to charges of attempting to obtain demerol by fraud. The immigration department then began deportation proceedings.

In these first deportation proceedings, Abudu tried to remain in the United States by adjusting his status on account of his marriage to an American citizen. But his conviction for a drug crime made him excludable from the United States, and so immigration officials denied his request for adjustment of status. Abudu expressly did not seek asylum during these proceedings. He selected England as his country of deportation in the event he should lose his deportation hearing, which he did in July 1982. The BIA affirmed in August 1984. Abudu asked the Ninth Circuit to review this decision.

In February 1985, Abudu sought to reopen his immigration proceedings so that he might present evidence in support of an application for asylum. He claimed he had a well-founded fear that if England would not accept him and he returned to Ghana, his life and freedom would be threatened by the regime in power there. After that regime seized power, it had carried out a system of persecution against its political enemies, including Abudu's brother and other close friends. A surprise visitor from Ghana in 1984, who was a high-ranking official in the government of Ghana, ostensbily tried to persuade Abudu to return to Ghana because physicians were in short supply there. Abudu suspected that the visitor was attempting to trick him into revealing his brother's whereabouts instead.

The BIA denied Abudu's motion to reopen the immigration proceedings because Abudu had not adequately explained why he did not present these concerns in earlier proceedings. The immigration judge had given Abudu extra time to present evidence in support of an application for asylum, but Abudu instead told the immigration judge he would not be presenting such an application. Moreover, all this evidence—except for the 1984 surprise visit—was available to Abudu during the first round of proceedings. Furthermore, even if he had, the BIA concluded it would not have made out a prima facie case for asylum or withholding of deportation. He did not present an affidavit from his brother, and his claims were too speculative to the BIA to make out the requisite showing. Abudu asked the Ninth Circuit to review the denial of his motion to reopen as well.

The Ninth Circuit consolidated the two pending petitions for review. It ultimately ordered the BIA to reevaluate Abudu's requests for asylum and withholding of deportation and grant him a full-blown hearing on the matters. In the Ninth Circuit's view, the "sole issue" was whether Abudu had made out a prima facie case for reopening. Because the BIA did not adequately credit the affidavits Abudu had submitted, the Ninth Circuit demanded that it give Abudu another chance to present more evidence. The INS asked the Supreme Court to review the Ninth Circuit's decision, and the Supreme Court agreed to do so.

Opinion of the Court

The BIA may deny a motion to reopen on at least three grounds. First, it may determine that the applicant has not established a prima facie case to the underlying relief he seeks, such as asylum or withholding of removal. Second, the BIA may determine that the new evidence the applicant seeks to present was not previously unavailable, or in an asylum case, that the applicant has not adequately explained why he did not apply for asylum earlier. Third, in cases where the ultimate relief the applicant seeks depends on the exercise of some discretion committed to immigration officials, the BIA may determine that the applicant is not entitled to the discretionary relief sought. Thus, "in a given case the BIA may determine, either as a sufficient ground for denying relief or as a necessary step toward granting relief, whether the alien has produced previously unavailable, material evidence, and, in asylum cases, whether the alien has reasonably explained his or her failure to request asylum earlier." The Court held that these determinations were subject to review in the federal courts of appeals for abuse of discretion and not any higher standard. "Although all adjudications by administrative agencies are to some degree judicial and to some degree political—and therefore an abuse-of-discretion standard will often apply to agency adjudicatons not governed by specific statutory commands—INS officials must exercise especially sensitive political functions that implicate questions of foreign relations, and therefore the reasons for giving deference to agency decisions on petitions for reopening or reconsideration in other administrative contexts apply with even greater force in the INS context." Moreover, in other totally judicial contexts, such as motions for new trials on the basis of newly discovered evidence, the movant bears an "espcially heavy burden." There is no reason not to require an alien seeking to reopen his deportation proceedings to carry an equally heavy burden.

ee also

*List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 485

External links

* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=485&invol=94 Text of the opinion, FindLaw.com]
* [http://www.aila.org American Immigration Lawyers Association] , who filed an amicus brief
* [http://www.asylumlaw.org asylumlaw.org]