Limonia (plant)

Limonia (plant)
Limonia acidissima
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Aurantioideae
Tribe: Citreae
Genus: Limonia
L.
Species: L. acidissima
Binomial name
Limonia acidissima
L.

Limonia acidissima (syn. Feronia elephantum, Feronia limonia, Hesperethusa crenulata,[1] Schinus limonia) is the only species within the monotypic genus Limonia. It is native in the Indomalaya ecozone to Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and in Indochinese ecoregion east to Java and the Malesia ecoregion. Vernacular names in English include: wood-apple, elephant-apple, monkey fruit, and curd fruit; and listed below are the variety of common names in the languages of its native habitat regions.

Contents

Vernacular names

The common names of Limonia acidissima include:

  • English: Wood Apple, Elephant Apple, Monkey Fruit or Curd Fruit.
  • Oriya: Kaitha
  • Kannada: Belada Hannu / Byalada Hannu
  • Telugu: Vellaga Pandu
  • Tamil: Vilam Palam (விளாம் பழம்)
  • Bengali: Koth Bel (কৎ বেল)
  • Khmer: Kvet (ខ្វិត)
  • Hindi: Kaitha (कैथा) or Kath Bel.
  • Gujarati: Kothu.
  • Sinhalese: Divul. (දිවුල්)
  • Marathi: KavaTH (कवठ).
  • Javanese: Kawis or Kawista

Malaysia : Belingai

  • Sanskrit: Kapittha (कपित्थ),[2] Dadhistha, Surabhicchada, Kapipriya, Dadhi, Puṣpapahala , Dantasātha, Phalasugandhika, Cirapākī, Karabhithū, Kanṭī, Gandhapatra, Grāhiphala, Kaṣāyāmlaphala.[3]

Description

Dry wood-apple fruit purchased from market in Pune, India
Tree in the Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Limonia acidissima is a large tree growing to 9 metres (30 ft) tall, with rough, spiny bark. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets, each leaflet 25–35 mm long and 10–20 mm broad, with a citrus-scent when crushed. The fruit is a berry 5–9 cm diameter, and may be sweet or sour. It has a very hard rind which can be difficult to crack open, and contains sticky brown pulp and small white seeds. The fruit looks similar in appearance to fruit of Bael (Aegle marmelos).

Uses

Close-up view of fruit.
Close-up view of trunk and bark.
View of fruit and branching, in the Talakona forest, Chittoor District, India.

The rind of the fruit is so thick and hard it can be carved and used as a utensil such as a bowl or ashtray. The bark also produces an edible gum. The tree has hard wood which can be used for woodworking.

Bael fruit pulp has a soap-like action that made it a household cleaner for hundreds of years. The sticky layer around the unripe seeds is household glue that also finds use in jewellery-making. The glue, mixed with lime, waterproofs wells and cements walls. The glue also protects oil paintings when added as a coat on the canvas.

Ground limonia bark is also used as a cosmetic called thanakha in Southeast Asia. The fruit rind yields oil that is popular as a fragrance for hair; it also produces a dye used to colour silks and calico.

Culinary

The fruit is eaten plain, assorted into an assortment of drinks and sweets, or well-preserved as jam. The scooped-out pulp from its fruits is eaten uncooked with or deprived of sugar, or is combined with coconut milk and palm-sugar syrup and drunk as a beverage, or frozen as an ice cream. It is also used in chutneys and for making Fruit preserves jelly and jam.

Indonesians beat the pulp of the ripe fruit with palm sugar and eat the mixture at breakfast. The sugared pulp is a foundation of sherbet in the subcontinent. Jam, pickle, marmalade, syrup, jelly, squash and toffee are some of the foods of this multipurpose fruit. Young bael leaves are a salad green in Thailand. Indians eat the pulp of the ripe fruit with sugar or jaggery. The ripe pulp is also used to make chutney. The raw pulp is varied with yoghurt and make into raita. The raw pulp is bitter in taste, while the ripe pulp would be having a smell and taste that's a mixture of sourness and sweet.

Nutrition

A hundred gm of bael fruit pulp contains 31 gm of carbohydrate and two gm of protein, which adds up to nearly 140 calories. The ripe fruit is rich in beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A; it also contains significant quantities of the B vitamins thiamine and riboflavin, and small amounts of Vitamin C. Wild bael fruit tends to have more tannin than the cultivated ones; tannin depletes the body of prized nutrients, and suggestion suggests it can cause cancer.[citation needed]

Genera taxonomy

A number of other species formerly included in the genus are now treated in the related genera Atalantia, Citropsis, Citrus, Glycosmis, Luvunga, Murraya, Microcitrus, Micromelum, Naringi, Pamburus, Pleiospermium, Severinia, Skimmia, Swinglea, and Triphasia [4].

References

  1. ^ Arguments for Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae) and against Its Rejection as a nomen ambiguum. Taxon. November 1978. JSTOR 1219924. 
  2. ^ Feronia elephantum on treknature
  3. ^ S G Joshi, Medicinal Plants, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2004, ISBN 81-204-1414-4, p.347
  4. ^ John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "Species in GRIN for genus". Ars-grin.gov. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846. Retrieved 2011-04-19. 

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