- Israel ben Moses Najara
Israel ben Moses Najara (c. 1555,
Damascus - c. 1625,Gaza ) (Heb. ישראל בן משה נאג'ארה) was a Jewish liturgical poet, preacher, Biblical commentator,kabbalist , andrabbi ofGaza .Biography
According to Franco ("Histoire des Israélites de l'Empire Ottoman," p. 79, Paris, 1897), there is another account which declares that Najara was born about 1530 and that he lived for some years at
Adrianople . From his secular poems, which he wrote in the meters of various Turkish, Spanish, andmodern Greek songs, it is evident that he knew well several foreign languages. He travelled extensively in theNear East , had lived inSafed , where he came under the extensive influence of LurianicKabbalah and served as a rabbi at the Jewish community ofGaza .As may be seen from his works, he was a versatile scholar, and he corresponded with many contemporary rabbis, among others with
Bezaleel Ashkenazi ,Yom-Ṭob Ẓahalon ,Moses Hamon , andMenahem Ḥefeẓ . His poetic effusions were exceptionally numerous, and many of them were translated into Persian. While still young he composed many religious hymns, to Arabic and Turkish tunes, with the intention, as he says in the preface to his "Zemirot Yisrael," of turning the Jewish youth from profane songs. He wrotepiyyuṭim ,pizmonim ,seliḥot ,widduyim , anddirges for all the week-days and for Sabbaths, holy days, and occasional ceremonies, these piyyuṭim being collected in his "Zemirot Yisrael." Many of the piyyuṭim are in Aramaic.For his hymns on the marriage of God and Israel, Najara was severely blamed by
Menahem Lonzano ("Shete Yadot," p. 142) when the latter was atDamascus . The "Shibḥe Ḥayyim Wiṭal" (p. 7b) contains a violent attack byḤayyim Vital upon a poet whose name is not mentioned, but who is supposed to be Israel Najara. Nevertheless,Isaac Luria , Vital's teacher, declared that Najara's hymns were listened to with delight in heaven. His piyyuṭim were praised also byLeon of Modena , who composed a song in his honor, which was printed at the beginning of the "Olat Shabbat," the second part of the "Zemirot Yisrael."He is buried in the ancient Jewish cemetery in Gaza. His son,
Moses Najara was also a poet, who succeeded his father as the chief rabbi of Gaza.Works
Najara's letters, secular poems, epigrams, and rimed prose form the work entitled "Meme Yisrael" (published at the end of the second edition of the "Zemirot Yisrael"). Najara's other works are as follows:
*"Mesaḥeḳet ha-Tebel" (Safed, 1587), an ethical poem on the nothingness of the world
*"Shoḥaṭe ha-Yeladim" (printed withMoses Ventura 's "Yemin Mosheh," Amsterdam, 1718),Hebrew verse on the laws of slaughtering and porging, composed at the request of his son Moses
*"Ketubbat Yisrael" (withJoseph Jaabez 's "Ma'amar ha-Aḥdut," n.p., 1794), a hymn which, in thekabalistic fashion, represents the relationship between God and Israel as one between man and wife (it was composed for theFeast of Pentecost )
*A collection of hymns published byM. H. Friedländer (Vienna, 1858) under the title "Pizmonim."His unpublished works are
*"She'eret Yisrael," poems (see below)
*"Ma'arkot Yisrael," a commentary on thePentateuch
*"Miḳweh Yisrael," sermons
*"Piẓ'e Oheb," a commentary on Job.Zemirot Yisrael
The "Zemirot Yisrael," originally entitled "Zemirot Yisrael Najara," was first published at
Safed (1587) and contained 108piyyuṭim andhymns . Many additional songs were printed in the second edition (Venice, 1599). This edition contains also the "Meme Yisrael" and the "Mesaḥeḳet ha-Tebel," and is divided into three parts:
#"Olot Tamid," containing 225 piyyuṭim for the week-days
#"Olot Shabbot," containing 54 piyyuṭim for the Sabbaths of the whole year
#"Olot Ḥodesh," containing 160 piyyuṭim and dirges for thehigh holy days ,Purim , theNinth of Ab , and occasional ceremonies. It was published a third time at Belgrade (1837), but with the omission of many songs and of the two works just mentioned. Extracts from the "Zemirot Yisrael" were published under the title of "Tefillot Nora'ot" (Frankfort-on-the-Main , 1712).Many of Najara's piyyuṭim and hymns have been taken into the rituals and
maḥzorim in use among the Jews in different countries, especially in Italy and Palestine.Benjamin II ("Mas'e Yisra'el," p. 15) states that the Jews ofAleppo sing on Sabbath eve many beautiful hymns and recite many prayers, most of which are by Najara. The best known of hisAramaic hymns is the one beginning "Yah Ribbon 'Olam," recited on Sabbath by the Jews of all countries and printed in all the rituals. The "She'erit Yisra'el" contains sixty poems and is, according to its heading, the second part of the "Zemirot Yisrael"; it is found in the bet ha-midrash of the German community inAmsterdam . From it Dukes published one poem in "Orient, Lit." (iv. 526; comp. 540). M. Sachs attempted to render some of Najara's piyyuṭim into German (Busch, "Jahrbücher," 1847, pp. 236-238). After the ruins of the house inhabited by R.Judah he-Ḥasid at Jerusalem were cleared away in 1836, some writings of Israel Najara of the year 1579 were found; these writings are now (as of 1906) preserved in the archives of the synagogue of Jerusalem.Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
*
Azulai , "Shem ha-Gedolim," ii, s.v. Zemirot Yisrael;
*Simon Bernfeld , in "Ha-Asif," iv, section 4, pp. 18 et seq.;
*David Conforte , "Ḳore ha-Dorot," pp. 37a, 41a, 49b;
*Dukes, "Zur Kenntniss," pp. 9, 138, No. 8;
*Fuenn , "Keneset Yisrael," p. 699;
*Julius Fürst , "Bibl. Jud." iii.12;
*Heinrich Grätz , "Gesch.," 3rd ed., ix.395;
*Landshuth , " 'Ammude ha-'Abodah," pp. 135 et seq.;
*"Orient. Lit." iv.649 et seq.;
*Moritz Steinschneider , "Cat. Bodl." cols. 1170-1171;
*idem, "Jewish Literature," pp. 155, 243;
*Zunz , "Literaturgesch." p. 419.References
*JewishEncyclopedia
External links
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=48&letter=N Jewish Encyclopedia article for NAJARA]
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.