George W. Norris

George William Norris
Norris in 1913
United States Senator from Nebraska
In office March 4, 1913 – January 3, 1943
Preceded by	Norris Brown
Succeeded by	Kenneth S. Wherry
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Nebraska's 5th district
In office March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1913
Preceded by	Ashton C. Shallenberger
Succeeded by	Silas Reynolds Barton
Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary
In office August 1926 – March 4, 1933
Preceded by	Albert B. Cummins
Succeeded by	Henry F. Ashurst
Personal details
Born	July 11, 1861(1861-07-11) York Township, Sandusky County, Ohio
Died	September 2, 1944(1944-09-02) (aged 83) McCook, Nebraska
Political party	Republican (until 1936) Independent
Spouse(s)	Pluma Lashley (m. 1889, dec. 1901 Ellie Leonard (m. 1903)
Children	3
Alma mater	Baldwin University Northern Indiana Normal School
Profession	Lawyer

George William Norris (July 11, 1861 – September 2, 1944) was a U.S. politician from the state of Nebraska and a leader of progressive and liberal causes in Congress. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican from 1903 until 1913 and five terms in the United States Senate from 1913 until 1943, four terms as a Republican and the final term as an Independent.

Norris was born in 1861 in York Township, Sandusky County, Ohio and was the eleventh child of poor, uneducated, farmers of Scots-Irish and Pennsylvania Dutch descent. He graduated from Baldwin University and earned his LL.B. degree in 1883 at the law school of Valparaiso University. He moved to Beaver City, Nebraska to practice law. In 1889 he married Pluma Lashley; the couple had three daughters before her 1901 death. Norris then married Ellie Leonard in 1903; they had no children.

Political career

Norris relocated to the larger town of McCook in 1900, where he became active in local politics. In 1902, running as a Republican, he was elected to the House of Representatives for Nebraska's 5th congressional district. In that election, he was supported by the railroads; however, in 1906 he broke with them, supporting Theodore Roosevelt's plans to regulate rates for the benefit of shippers, such as the merchants who lived in his district. A prominent insurgent after 1908, he led the revolt against Speaker Joseph G. Cannon in 1910. By a vote of 191 to 156, the House created a new system in which seniority would automatically move members ahead, even against the wishes of the leadership.

In January 1911, he helped create The National Progressive Republican League and was its vice president. He originally supported Robert M. La Follette, Sr. for the 1912 nomination, but then switched to Roosevelt. However, he refused to bolt the convention and join Roosevelt's Progressive Party and instead ran for the Senate as a Republican. As a leading Progressive Republican, Norris supported the direct election of senators. He also promoted the conversion of all state legislatures to the unicameral system. This was implemented in 1934 in the Nebraska Legislature; however, all other states have retained a two-house system.

Norris supported some of Wilson's programs but became a firm isolationist, fearing that bankers were manipulating the country into war. In the face of enormous pressure from the media and the administration, Norris was one of only six senators to vote against the declaration of war on Germany in 1917.

George W. Norris, US Representative from Nebraska.

Looking at the war in Europe he said, "Many instances of cruelty and inhumanity can be found on both sides." Norris believed that the government wanted to take part in this war only because the wealthy had already aided British financially in the war. He told Congress that the only people who would benefit from the war were "munition manufacturers, stockbrokers, and bond dealers," adding that "war brings no prosperity to the great mass of common and patriotic citizens.... War brings prosperity to the stock gambler on Wall Street–to those who are already in possession of more wealth than can be realized or enjoyed."^[1]

He joined the "irreconcilables" who vehemently opposed and defeated the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations in 1919.

Seniority brought him the chairmanship of the Agriculture and Forestry and the Judiciary committees. Norris was a leader of the Farm Bloc, advocated the rights of labor, sponsored the ("Lame Duck") Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution,^[2] and proposed to abolish the Electoral College. He failed on these issues in the 1920s, but did block Henry Ford's proposals to modernize the Tennessee Valley, insisting that it be a project the government should handle. Although a nominal Republican (which was essential to his seniority), he routinely attacked and voted against the Republican administrations of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Norris supported Democrats Al Smith in 1928 and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Republicans regulars called him one of the "sons of the wild jackass."

In 1932, along with Fiorello H. La Guardia, then a U.S. Representative from New York, Norris secured passage of the Norris-La Guardia Act. This outlawed the practice of requiring prospective employees not to join a labor union as a condition of employment (the so-called yellow-dog contract) and greatly limited the use of court injunctions against strikes.

FDR (center) signs the Rural Electrification Act with Congressman John E. Rankin (left) and Norris (right)

A staunch supporter of President Roosevelt's New Deal programs, Norris sponsored the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. In appreciation, the TVA Norris Dam and a new planned city in Tennessee were named after him.^[3][4] Norris was also the prime Senate mover behind the Rural Electrification Act that brought electrical service to underserved and unserved rural areas across the United States. It is also a testament to Norris' belief in "public power" that there have been no privately owned electric utilities operating in Nebraska since the late 1940s.

Norris believed in the wisdom of the common people and in the progress of civilization.^[5] "To get good government and to retain it, it is necessary that a liberty-loving, educated, intelligent people should be ever watchful, to carefully guard and protect their rights and liberties," Norris said in a 1934 speech titled, "The Model Legislature." The people were capable of being the government, he said, affirming his populist/progressive credentials.^[6]

Norris left the GOP in 1936 (since seniority in the minority party was useless, and the Democrats offered him chairmanships) and was re-elected to the Senate as an Independent with some Democratic Party support in 1936. Norris won with 43.8% of the vote, against Republican former congressman Robert G. Simmons (who came in second) and Democratic former congressman Terry Carpenter (who came in a distant third).

Norris opposed Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court, and railed against corrupt patronage. In late 1937 when Norris saw the famous photograph "Bloody Saturday" (showing a burned Chinese baby crying in a bombed-out train station), he shifted his stance on isolationism and non-interventionism. Siding against Japanese violence in China, he called the Japanese "disgraceful, ignoble, barbarous, and cruel, even beyond the power of language to describe."^[7]

Unable to secure Democratic support in the state in 1942, he was defeated by Republican Kenneth S. Wherry.

Memorials

Norris is one of eight senators profiled in John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.

The principal north-south road through downtown McCook, Nebraska is named George Norris Avenue. Norris's house in McCook is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and is operated as a museum by the Nebraska State Historical Society.

George W. Norris Middle school in Omaha, Nebraska, the George W. Norris K - 12 school system near Firth, Nebraska, and George W. Norris Elementary School in Millard Public Schools stand as a memorial to the late Senator.

References

1. ^ ["Opposition to Wilson's War Message" http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/doc19.htm]
2. ^ "More about Senator George Norris". Nebraska State Historical Society. http://www.nebraskahistory.org/sites/norris/moreinfo.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2010. 
3. ^ TVA: An American Ideal
4. ^ TVA: Norris Reservoir
5. ^ Charlyne Berens, One House, The unicameral's Progressive Vision for Nebraska (2005, University of Nebraska Press)
6. ^ Robert F. Wesser, "George W. Norris, The Unicameral Legislature and the Progressive Ideal," Nebraska History (December 1964)
7. ^ Paterson, Thomas G.; Clifford, John Garry; Hagan, Kenneth J. (1999). American Foreign Relations: A history since 1895. American Foreign Relations. 2 (5 ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 151. ISBN 0395938872. 

Bibliography

• Lowitt, Richard
  • George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861-1912 (1963)
  • George W. Norris; The Persistence of a Progressive, 1913-1933 (1971)
  • George W. Norris: The Triumph of a Progressive, 1933-1944 (1978)
• Norris, George W. Fighting Liberal: The Autobiography of George W. Norris (1945; reprinted 1972)
• Zucker, Norman L. George W. Norris: Gentle Knight of American Democracy (1966)
• "An American Ideal (Norris, Tennessee). Tennessee Valley Authority
• "RESERVOIRS AND POWER PLANTS: Norris Reservoir." Tennessee Valley Authority.

External links

• George W. Norris at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Senator George Norris State Historic Site operated by the Nebraska State Historical Society
• George W. Norris: U.S. Legislator from Nebraska -a learning resource

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Ashton C. Shallenberger	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Nebraska's 5th congressional district 1903 – 1913	Succeeded by Silas Reynolds Barton
United States Senate
Preceded by Norris Brown	United States Senator (Class 2) from Nebraska 1913 – 1943 Served alongside: Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Robert B. Howell, William H. Thompson, Richard C. Hunter, Edward R. Burke, Hugh A. Butler	Succeeded by Kenneth S. Wherry
Political offices
Preceded by Albert B. Cummins	Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1926 – 1933	Succeeded by Henry F. Ashurst

Persondata
Name	Norris, George William
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	July 11, 1861
Place of birth	York Township, Sandusky County, Ohio
Date of death	September 2, 1944
Place of death	McCook, Nebraska