Boscastle flood of 2004

The Boscastle flood of 2004 occurred on Monday, 16 August 2004 in the two villages of Boscastle and Crackington Haven in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The villages suffered extensive damage after a flash flood caused by an exceptional amount of rain that fell over the course of five hours that afternoon. The flood in Boscastle was filmed and extensively reported but that in Crackington Haven was not mentioned beyond the local news. The Boscastle flooding was caused by rainfall which the river could not hold.

The floods were the worst in local memory. A study commissioned by the Environment Agency from hydraulics consulting firm HR Wallingford concluded that it was among the most extreme ever experienced in Britain. The peak flow was about 140m³/s (tonnes), between 5:00pm and 6:00pm BST. The annual chance of this (or a greater) flood in any one year is about 1 in 400. The probability each year of the heaviest three-hour rainfall is about 1 in 1300 (although rainfall probability is not the same as flood probability).

The last time Boscastle had suffered notable flooding was in 1996 as a result of Hurricane Lili, but floods are recorded in 1847, 1957, 1958 and 1963. On 16 August, 1952 the small town of Lynmouth, convert|50|mi|km north-east along the north coast in Devon near Exmoor, suffered extensive damage in a catastrophic flood, in which 34 people lost their lives. Coincidentally this was fifty-two years to the day before Boscastle's 2004 flood.

Causes of the flood

The rainfall on the afternoon of 16 August 2004 was very heavy. 200.4 mm (8 inches) of rain fell over the high ground just inland from the village. At the peak of the downpour, at about 15:45 GMT, 24 mm of rain (almost one inch) was recorded as falling in just 15 minutes at Lesnewth, 2.5 miles (4 km) up the valley from Boscastle. In Boscastle itself, 89 mm (3.5 inches) of rain was recorded in 60 minutes. The rain was very localised: four of the nearest 10 rain gauges, all within a few miles of Boscastle, showed less than 3 mm of rain that day. The cause of the very heavy localised rain is thought to be an extreme example of what has become known as the Brown Willy effect.

The torrential rain led to a 2 m (7 ft) rise in river levels in one hour. A 3 m (10 ft) wave—believed to have been triggered by water pooling behind debris caught under a bridge, and then being suddenly released as the bridge collapsed—surged down the main road. Water speed was in excess of 4 m/s (10 mph), more than sufficient to cause structural damage. It is estimated that 20 million tonnes (440 million gallons) of water flowed through Boscastle alone that day.

However, in an episode of Discovery Channel's 'Perfect Disaster', it states that the floods might have been caused by a phenomenon called a "blocking high". A blocking high is a large area of static high pressure. It can happen anywhere in the world, and the effect is deadly because the high pressure can stall other weather systems around it. In this case, the high pressure blocked a small thunderstorm which, because the blocking high kept it stationary, dumped all of its water over the Boscastle area.

The cleanup operation

No major injuries or loss of life were reported.

Most of the tourist attractions and shops are in the oldest parts of the town, in the areas most affected by the flood at the bottom of the river valleys. The visitor centre was partly demolished, and the [http://www.museumofwitchcraft.com Museum of Witchcraft] was also severely damaged. The ground floors of many buildings were covered with many inches of mud washed in by the flood waters. Following the rescues on 16 August 2004, emergency services cleared debris that had built up beneath and over the bridge at the centre of the village, and waters receded. Several buildings were demolished as a result of damage caused by the floods.

Coincidentally, two BBC film crews were recording separate series that involved the flood. One series, "A Seaside Parish" was following the life of the new local parish priest, the Revd Christine Musser, at the time of the flood, and records the events of 16 August and its aftermath in the following months. The other was "Seaside Rescue", which followed various coastguard operations, including a helicopter from HM Osprey on the Isle of Portland which was involved in winching people out of flooded houses in Boscastle. "Private Eye" revealed that whilst 55 residents were airlifted out by the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force after the flooding, 35 BBC staff were flown "in" by other means.Fact|date=June 2007

As of May 2008 the damage to buildings has been repaired and the new visitor centre is open. Work still continues on the river banks.

The damage done by the floods was estimated at £300 million in 2006.

Work since the flood

Most work takes place in the winter season (October–May), during the off-season. The carpark is reduced to half the space (120 spaces) in winter, for works to take place, and then back to 240 spaces in summer.

2004

*August: Buildings searched, buried cars removed from harbour, trees removed, roads cleared, B3263 bridge temporary concrete parapets installed.
*20 August: Boscastle Coast Path closed,
*26 August: Boscastle Harbour reopened to residents; cordon lifted.
*September: B3263 Bridge stone parapets restored.
*3 September: Boscastle Coast Path reopened.
*14 September: Work started on the overflow culvert for the River Jordan.
*December: Overflow culvert work completed

2005

*Early 2005: Most shops and restaurants re-open.

2006

*30 October: Work on two underground pumping stations for the sewage treatment scheme begins.
*1 November: Work started to widen and lower the river channel to increase capacity.
*December: A new visitor centre opened, in the former Harbour Restaurant, bought by the National Trust.
*December: The car park level is raised, and extended, reducing the risk of cars being washed away again.

2007

*January: Work started on the 'gateway building' next to the car park, which will contain toilets, a bus shelter, and information boards.
*April: Work Stopped on gateway building due to problems with planning permission, and the building being built taller than expected.
*21 June: Boscastle has reflooded, although according to news reports it is not nearly as bad as during the 2004 floods.
*September: Work restarted on Gateway Building, after planning permission is approved to lower the height of the building
*October: Work starts on rebuilding an old culvert at the top of the village, to allow more water to flow through in periods of heavy rain.
*October: Work starts on installing the pipes for the new sewage treatments works, in the harbour area (Between the Lower and Upper bridges).
*12 November: The main road in the harbour area is closed, from the bridge to the car park, while Cormac starts work on new wider pavements, and Carillion starts to install pipes under the road for the new sewage treatment works. Work is expected to take a maximum of four weeks.
*14 December: The main road in the harbour area is reopened and temporary traffic lights put in place, where the road is wider.
*18 December: The new lower bridge is installed.

2008

* January: Work on imporoving the harbour pavements is complete. Work on rebuilding the culvert next to the petrol station is complete.
*10 February: Work begins on renewing the culvert in Dunn Street, to allow more water through it in times of heavy rain.
* March: The Harbour area road is resurfaced. Work on rebuiliding the culvert in Dunn Street is complete.
*April: Old Lower Bridge is demolished, and the new lower bridge is ready to use.

The lower bridge

The main structure of the former lower bridge survived the flood, however the stone walls did not, and were washed away. On 1 May 2005, the official reopening of the village, wooden fences were used on the bridge to temporarily replace the stone walls. The bridge used to have a concrete plaque on it saying "This bridge is the private property of the lord of the manor, August 1887". This was lost during the flood, but then recovered from the harbour in good condition. This bridge has now been replaced with a new one.

During the flood of 2004, a total of fourteen cars became lodged beneath it, this had caused a huge backlog of flood water and debris, adding to the damaged caused in the surrounding area.

The original proposal was for a stone bridge, this was rejected. The second proposal is for a modern concrete bridge, with steel railings. Public consultations were held and villagers were asked to select their preference from four designs; most did not choose the one which has been proposed. This plan was rejected.

The new bridge is a few meters further down the river than the old bridge. The bridge was installed on 18 December 2007, and was made by Cornish Concrete, a company based near Truro. The main arch is made from concrete, with metal railings.

The old stone bridge, which was over 100 hundred years old, was demolished in early April 2008.

Mini Flood - 21 June 2007

Boscastle flooded again, although not nearly as badly as the 2004 floods.

After an afternoon of intense localised rainfall, and a week of steady rain everyday, a small flood happened on 21 June 2007. 30 mm fell on the area in one hour. Roads had become flooded in the area and in the village, most water came from the saturated fields around the village. Many drains had become blocked. Roads around the Tintagel, Camelford and Davidstow area were closed off to stop people visiting the village.

River levels were alarmingly high, but the banks contained the water. However the many culverts of the River Jordan had overflowed onto the villages roads, adding to the amount of water on the roads. The new storm culvert joining the River Jordan to the River Valency was at full capacity, but did not flood.

Services and organisations called in included:
*Fire crews from Bude, Delabole and Launceston to pump out the water from properties
*Crews to unblock the blocked up drains in the village
*The Environment Agency
*The Police and Council
*Helicopters from Culdrose and RAF Chivenor were on stand-by
*Boscastle Coast Guard

The Environment Agency's flood defences installed after the 2004 flood worked and kept the water in the river channel. A few properties in the village were flooded by convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on from water flowing down the streets, rather than from the river flooding, although the damage was not nearly as bad as the 2004 flood. The two main roads (B3266, B3263) were blocked with flood debris, although this was cleared and the roads reopened the following morning. The Environment Agency looked at the culverts around the village and will change them all to modern drainage systems.

ee also

*List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom
*Boscastle
*Floods
*Flash Floods

References

* [http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/interesting/20040816.html Weather statistics for Boscastle area] (Met Office, 16 August 2004)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/3571844.stm Prince sees Boscastle devastation] (BBC News, 18 August 2004)
* [http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/news/944736?lang=_e&theme=&region=&subject=&searchfor=boscastle&any_all=&choose_order=&exactphrase=&withoutwords= Boscastle flood study findings] (Environment Agency, 12 January 2005)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4167707.stm Boscastle gets rebuild go-ahead] (BBC News, 12 January 2005)
* [http://www.ncdc.gov.uk/media/adobe/e/s/BoscastleFlood.pdf Boscastle - the flood] (North Cornwall District Council leaflet, PDF, 864 kB)
* [http://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/downloads/publications/EX5160_Boscastle_floodings.pdf Flooding in Boscastle and North Cornwall, August 2004: Phase 2 report] (HR Wallingford report, PDF, 244 pages, 22 MB, May 2005)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4133936.stm Boscastle's mixed recovery] (BBC News, 15 August 2005)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4154678.stm 'Ghost town' fears over Boscastle] (BBC News, 16 August 2005)