Clifford module

Clifford module

In mathematics, a Clifford module is a representation of a Clifford algebra. In general a Clifford algebra C is a central simple algebra over some field extension L of the field K over which the quadratic form Q defining C is defined.

The abstract theory of Clifford modules was founded by a paper of M. F. Atiyah, R. Bott and A. Shapiro. A fundamental result on Clifford modules is that the Morita equivalence class of a Clifford algebra (the equivalence class of the category of Clifford modules over it) depends only on the signature pq mod 8. This is an algebraic form of Bott periodicity.

Contents

Matrix representations of real Clifford algebras

We will need to study anticommuting matrices (AB = −BA) because in Clifford algebras orthogonal vectors anticommute

 A \cdot B = \frac{1}{2}( AB + BA ) = 0.

For the real Clifford algebra \mathbb{R}_{p,q}\,, we need p + q mutually anticommuting matrices, of which p have +1 as square and q have −1 as square.

 \begin{matrix}
\gamma_a^2 &=& +1 &\mbox{if} &1 \le a \le p \\
\gamma_a^2 &=& -1 &\mbox{if} &p+1 \le a \le p+q\\
\gamma_a \gamma_b &=& -\gamma_b \gamma_a &\mbox{if} &a \ne b. \ \\
\end{matrix}

Such a basis of gamma matrices is not unique. One can always obtain another set of gamma matrices satisfying the same Clifford algebra by means of a similarity transformation.

 \begin{matrix}
\gamma_{a'} &=& S &\gamma_{a } &S^{-1}
\end{matrix}

where S is a non-singular matrix. The sets γ a' and γ a belong to the same equivalence class.

Real Clifford algebra R3,1

Developed by Ettore Majorana, this Clifford module enables the construction of a Dirac-like equation without complex numbers, and its elements are called Majorana spinors.

The four basis vectors are the three Pauli matrices and a fourth antihermitian matrix. The signature is (+++-). For the signatures (+---) and (---+) often used in physics, 4x4 complex matrices or 8x8 real matrices are needed.

See also

  • Weyl–Brauer matrices
  • Higher-dimensional gamma matrices

References

  • Atiyah, Michael; Bott, Raoul; Shapiro, Michael (1964), "Clifford Modules", Topology 3 ((Suppl. 1)): 3–38, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(64)90003-5, http://www.ma.utexas.edu/users/dafr/Index/ABS.pdf 
  • Deligne, Pierre (1999), "Notes on spinors", in P. Deligne, P. Etingof, D. S. Freed, L. C. Jeffrey, D. Kazhdan, J. W. Morgan, D. R. Morrison, E. Witten, Quantum Fields and Strings: A Course for Mathematicians, Providence: American Mathematical Society, pp. 99–135 . See also the programme website for a preliminary version.
  • Harvey, F. Reese (1990), Spinors and Calibrations, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0123296504 .
  • Lawson, H. Blaine; Michelsohn, Marie-Louise (1989), Spin Geometry, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08542-0 .

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