Jiangqiao Campaign

Jiangqiao Campaign

Warbox
conflict=
partof=Second Sino-Japanese War
date=November 4 to November 18 1931
place=Heilongjiang province, Manchuria
result= Japanese victory
combatant1=flagicon|Republic of China National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China
combatant2=flagicon|Japan Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan
commander1= flagicon|Republic of China Ma Zhanshan
commander2=
strength1= 23,000
strength2= 3,500
casualties1= 3,000 (Japanese estimate)
casualties2= 300 |

The Jiangqiao Campaign was a series of battles and skirmishes occurring after the Mukden Incident, during the invasion of Manchuria by the Imperial Japanese Army in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Background

After the Mukden Incident, the Japanese Kwantung Army quickly overran the provinces of Liaoning and Kirin, occupying major cities and railways. At that time, the Chairman Wan Fulin of Heilongjiang Province was in Beijing, leaving the provincial government leaderless. Zhang Xueliang telegraphed the Kuomingtang government in Nanjing for instructions, and then appointed General Ma Zhanshan as acting Chairman and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilongjiang Province on October 16 1931. General Ma Zhanshan arrived in the capital Tsitsihar on October 19 and took office the next day. He held military meetings and personally inspected the defense positions while facing down parties who wished to surrender, saying “I am appointed as Chairman of the Province, and I have the responsibility to defend the Province and I will never be a surrendering general".Fact|date=April 2008

Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge

In November 1931, General Ma Zhanshan chose to disobey the Kuomintang government's ban on further resistance to the Japanese invasion and attempted to prevent Japanese forces from crossing into Heilongjiang province by defending a strategic railway bridge across the Nen River near Jiangqiao. This bridge had been dynamited earlier by Ma's forces during the fighting against pro-Japanese collaborationist forces of General Chang Hai-Peng.

A repair crew, guarded by 800 Japanese soldiers, went to work on 4 November 1931, but fighting soon erupted with the 2,500 Chinese troops nearby. Each side charged the other with opening fire without provocation. The skirmish continued for over three hours, until the Japanese drove General Ma's troops off toward Tsitsihar.

Later General Ma Zhanshan returned to counterattack with a much larger force. Japanese Major General Shogo Hasebe, had the sluggish river on his left, the railway on his right. Wide swamplands made the Japanese left wing impregnable, forcing Ma to concentrate his cavalry against the exposed Japanese right wing. Although dislodging the Japanese from their advance positions, Ma was unable to recapture the bridge, which the Japanese continued to repair. Ma was eventually forced to withdraw his troops in the face of Japanese tanks and artillery.

Ma became a national hero for his resistance to the Japanese which was widely reported in the Chinese and international press. The publicity inspired more volunteers to enlist in the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies. [ Coogan, Northeast China and the Origins of the Anti-Japanese United Front, pp.283-314]

Battle of Tsitsihar

On November 15 1931, despite having lost more than 400 killed and 300 wounded since November 5, General Ma, declined a Japanese ultimatum to surrender Tsitsihar. On the November 17, in subzero weather, 3,500 Japanese troops, under the command of General Jiro Tamon, mounted an attack on Tsitsihar's 8,000 defenders along a five mile front on the heights of San-chien-fang south of Tangchi.

Japanese cavalry charged down the Chinese front line cutting a swath into which Japanese infantry followed. General Ma's right flank held at first. The Chinese cavalry tried to encircle the Japanese right flank, but were stopped by Japanese artillery and close air support. The superior Japanese firepower turned the battle. Chinese units broke and fled across the frozen steppes.

On November 18, General Ma Zhanshan evacuated Tsitsihar. By November 19, he led his troops to the east to defend Baiquan and Hailun. His forces had suffered serious casualties and their strength was now much reduced. However once Ma was forced to retire up the Nonni River valley, he managed to regroup his forces and maintain their morale. Japanese troops attempting to press General Ma's men further up the Nonni River towards Koshen in the killing cold suffered large casualties on several occasions.

At the same time the Japanese began their occupation of Tsitsihar, thus securing control of all three Manchurian provincial capitals. At Mukden and Kirin the Japanese had already established collaborationist Chinese governments. At Tsitsihar they established another government under pro-Japanese General Chang Chin-hui. Japan also secured control of the central section of the Chinese Eastern Railway, however, the eastern section was still under the control of General Ting Chao in Harbin. [Matsuzaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932]

See also

*Second Sino-Japanese War
*Mukden Incident

References

*cite book
last = Coogan
first = Anthony
coauthors =
year = 1994
title = Northeast China and the Origins of the Anti-Japanese United Front
publisher = Sage Publications
location = Modern China, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 282-314
id =

*cite book
last = Matsusaka
first = Yoshihisa Tak
coauthors =
year = 2003
title = The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932
publisher = Harvard University Asia Center
location =
id = ISBN: 0674012062

External links

* [http://www.qqhr.gov.cn/EN/mzs.htm Ma Zhanshan]
* [http://www.democraticunderground.com/duforum/DCForumID30/Data/8387.txt Notes On A Guerrilla Campaign]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,742607,00.html Two War Lords, Time Magazine Nov. 16, 1931]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,742656-2,00.html Hero Ma, Time Magazine Nov. 23, 1931]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753149,00.html Rout of Ma, Time Magazine Nov. 30, 1931]

Topographic maps of campaign area.
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/manchuria/txu-oclc-6614368-nl51-2.jpgChi-chi-ha-erh nl51-2] San-chien-fang 三间房 area, Angangxi , Tsitsihar
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/manchuria/txu-oclc-6614368-nl51-5-2nd-ed.jpgWang-yeh-miao nl51-5] Nenjiang Bridge area

Notes


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