Excarnation

In archaeology and anthropology, the term, excarnation (also known as Defleshing), refers to the burial practice of removing the flesh and organs of the dead, leaving only the bones.

Excarnation may be precipitated through natural means, involving leaving a body exposed for animals to scavenge, or it may be purposefully undertaken by butchering the corpse by hand.

Platform burial

Examples of the former include the Tibetan sky burial, Comanche platform burials, and traditional Zoroastrian funerals (see Tower of Silence). Similarly, the lack of known burials in the European Iron Age^{[citation needed]} and the small fragments of bone found around their settlement sites has been explained by some archaeologists as an indicator of widespread excarnation involving leaving bodies on platforms for the birds to eat.

Archaeologists believe that, when carried out naturally, the body would be left on a woven litter or altar. When the excarnation was complete, the litter would be carried away from the site. Metatarsals, finger bones and toe bones are very small, so would fall through gaps in the woven structure or roll off the side. Thus, a site in which only small bones are found is a candidate for ritual excarnation.

Some Native American groups in the southeastern portion of North America practised deliberate excarnation in Protohistoric times.

Other methods

Marks on some human bones imply that some prehistoric societies removed the flesh from the bones.

In the Middle Ages, excarnation was practiced by European cultures as a way to preserve the bones when the deceased was of high status or had died some distance from home. One notable example of a person who underwent excarnation following death was Christopher Columbus. American General Anthony Wayne also was subjected to a form of excarnation.

In modern Japan, where cremation is predominant, it is common for close relatives of the deceased to transfer, with chopsticks the bones from the ashes to a special jar in which they will be buried. However, in ancient Japanese society prior to the introduction of Buddhism and the funerary practice of cremation, the corpse was exposed in a manner very similar to the Tibetan sky burial. See Japanese funeral.

Pre-contact Hawaiians also ritually defleshed the bones of high ranking nobles (ali'i) so that they could be interred in reliquaries for later veneration. Captain Cook, who the Hawaiians had believed to be the god Lono, met this fate after his death.

Following the excarnation process, many societies retrieved the bones for burial.

Defleshing during the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, defleshing was a mortuary procedure mainly used to transport human remains over long distances. Defleshing was only used by nobility. It involved removing skin, muscles, and organs from a body, leaving only the bones. In this procedure, the head, arms, and legs are detached from the body. The process does leave telltale cuts on the bones. King Saint Louis IX of France is said to having been defleshed by boiling his corpse until the flesh separated from the bones, not only to preserve his bones and to avoid further decaying of his corpse during the return from the Eighth Crusade, but also to obtain relics.

See also

• Mos Teutonicus