Silenus

The Silenoi (Σειληνοί) were followers of Dionysus. They were drunks, and were usually bald and fat with thick lips and squat noses, and had the legs of a human. Later, the plural "silenoi" went out of use and the only references were to one individual named Silenus, the teacher and faithful companion of the wine-god Dionysus. A notorious consumer of wine, he was usually drunk and had to be supported by satyrs or carried by a donkey. Silenus was described as the oldest, wisest and most drunken of the followers of Dionysus, and was said in Orphic hymns to be the young god's tutor. This puts him in a company of phallic or half-animal tutors of the gods, a group that includes Priapus, Cedalion and Chiron, but also includes Pallas, the tutor of Athena. [Kerenyi, p. 177.]

When intoxicated, Silenus was said to possess special knowledge and the power of prophecy. The Phrygian King Midas was eager to learn from Silenus and caught the old man by lacing a fountain from which Silenus often drank. As Silenus fell asleep, the king's servants seized and took him to their master.

Silenus shared with the king a pessimistic philosophy: "That the best thing for a man is not to be born, and if born, should die as soon as possible".Fact|date=June 2008

An alternative story was when lost and wandering in Phrygia, he was rescued by peasants and taken to King Midas, who treated him kindly. Dionysus offered Midas a reward for his kindness, and Midas chose the power of turning everything he touched into gold. Another story was that Silenus has been captured by two shepherds, and regaled them with wondrous tales.

In Euripides's satyr play "Cyclops", Silenus is stranded with the Satyrs in Sicily, where they have been enslaved by the Cyclops. They are the comic elements of the story, which is basically a play on Homer's "Odyssey" IX. Silenus refers to the satyrs as his children during the play. Silenus also appears in Emperor Julian the Apostate's satire, "The Caesars", where he sits next to the gods and offers up his comments on the various rulers under examination. He essentially serves as Julian's voice of critique for Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Augustus, Marcus Aurelius (whom he reveres as a fellow philosopher-king), and Constantine I. [ [http://www.mountainman.com.au/essenes/Julian_Caesares_Symposium_Kronia.htm "The Caesars" on-line English translation] .]

Silenus was also possibly a Latin term of abuse around 211 BC, being used in Plautus' "Rudens" to describe Labrax, a treacherous pimp or "leno", as "...a pot-bellied old Silenus, bald head, beefy, bushy eyebrows, scowling, twister, god-forsaken criminal" [Plautus]

Painting

*, Munich).

Footnotes

References

*March, J., "Cassell's Dictionary Of Classical Mythology", London, 1999. ISBN 0-304-35161-X
*Plautus, "The Rope and other plays", London: Penguin Classics ISBN 0-14-044136-0
*Julian, "The Caesars", Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library.

Further reading

*Guy Michael Hedreen, 1992. "Silens in Attic Black-figure Vase-painting: Myth and Performance" (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan) Catalogue of the corpus.
*Karl Kerenyi. "The Gods of the Greeks", 1951.