- Amenable group
In
mathematics , an amenable group is alocally compact topological group "G" carrying a kind of averaging operation on bounded functions that isinvariant under left (or right) translation by group elements. The original definition, in terms of a finitely additive invariant measure (or mean) on subsets of "G", was introduced byJohn von Neumann in 1929 under the German name "messbar" ("measurable" in English) in response to theBanach-Tarski paradox . In 1949 Mahlon M. Day introduced the English translation "amenable", apparently as a pun. [ Day's first published use of the word is in his abstract for an AMS summer meeting in 1949, [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183514222 "Means on semigroups and groups", Bull. A.M.S. 55 (1949) 1054-1055] . Many text books on amenabilty, such as Volker Runde's, suggest that Day chose the word as a pun.]The amenability property has a large number of equivalent formulations. In the field of analysis, the definition is in terms of linear functionals. An intuitive way to understand this version (which can be made precise) is that the support of the
regular representation is the whole space ofirreducible representation s.In
discrete group theory , where has no topological structure, a simpler definition is used. In this setting, a group is amenable if one can say what percentage of any given subset takes up.If a group has a
Følner sequence then it is automatically amenable.Locally compact definition
Let be a
locally compact group and be theBanach space of all essentially bounded functions with respect to theHaar measure .Definition 1. A linear functional on is called a "mean" if it maps the constant function to 1 and non-negative functions to non-negative numbers.
Definition 2.Let be the left action of on ,i.e. .Then, a mean is said to be "left-invariant" if for all and Similarly, is said to be "right-invariant" if where is the right action
Definition 3.A locally compact group is amenable if there is a left- (or right-)invariant mean on
Discrete definition
The definition of amenability is quite a lot simpler in the case of a
discrete group , i.e. a group with no topological structure.Definition. A discrete group is amenable if there is a measure—a function that assigns to each subset of a number from 0 to 1—such that
# The measure is a probability measure: the measure of the whole group is 1.
# The measure is finitely additive: given finitely many disjoint subsets of , the measure of the union of the sets is the sum of the measures.
# The measure is left-invariant: given a subset and an element of , the measure of equals the measure of . ( denotes the set of elements for each element in . That is, each element of is translated on the left by .)This definition can be summarized thus: is amenable if it has a finitely-additive left-invariant probability measure. Given a subset of , the measure can be thought of as answering the question: what is the probability that a random element of is in ?
It is a fact that this definition is equivalent to the definition in terms of .
Having a measure on allows us to define integration of bounded functions on . Given a bounded function , the integral:is defined as in
Lebesgue integration . (Note that some of the properties of the Lebesgue integral fail here, since our measure is only finitely-additive.)If a group has a left-invariant measure, it automatically has a bi-invariant one. Given a left-invariant measure , the function is a right-invariant measure. Combining these two gives a bi-invariant measure::
Conditions for a discrete group
The following conditions are equivalent for a countable discrete group Γ:
* Γ is amenable.
* If Γ acts by isometries on a (separable) Banach space "E", leaving a weakly closed convex subset "C" of the closed unit ball of "E"* invariant, then Γ has a fixed point in "C".
* There is a left invariant norm-continuous functional μ on "l"∞(Γ) with μ(1) = 1 (this requires theaxiom of choice ).
* There is a left invariant state μ on any left invariant separable unital C* subalgebra of "l"∞(Γ).
* There is a set of probability measures μ"n" on Γ such that ||"g" · μ"n" - μ"n"||1 tends to 0 for each "g" in Γ (M.M. Day).
* There are unit vectors "x""n" in "l"2(Γ) such that ||"g" · "x""n" - "x""n"||2 tends to 0 for each "g" in Γ (J. Dixmier).
* There are subsets "S""n" of Γ such that | "g" · "S""n" Δ "S""n" | / |"S""n"| tends to 0 for each "g" in Γ (Følner).
* If μ is a symmetric probability measure on Γ with support generating Γ, then convolution by μ defines an operator of norm 1 on "l"2(Γ) (Kesten).
* If Γ acts by isometries on a (separable) Banach space "E" and "f" in "l"∞(Γ, "E"*) is a bounded 1-cocycle, i.e. "f"("gh") = "f"("g") + "g"·"f"("h"), then "f" is a 1-coboundary, i.e. "f"("g") = "g"·φ - φ for some φ in "E"* (B.E. Johnson).
* The von Neumann group algebra of Γ ishyperfinite (A. Connes).Examples
*
Finite group s are amenable. Use thecounting measure with the discrete definition.
*Subgroup s of amenable groups are amenable.
* Thedirect product of two amenable groups is amenable, while thedirect product of an infinite family of amenable groups need not be.
* The group ofinteger s is amenable (they have aFølner sequence ).
* A group is amenable if all its finitely generated subgroups are. That is, locally amenable groups are amenable.
** By thefundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups , it follows thatabelian group s are amenable.
* A group is amenable if it has an amenablenormal subgroup such that the quotient is amenable. That is, extensions of amenable groups by amenable groups are amenable.
** It follows that a group is amenable if it has a finite index amenable subgroup. That is, virtually amenable groups are amenable.
** Furthermore, it follows that allsolvable group s are amenable.
* Compact groups are amenable. The Haar measure is an invariant mean (unique taking total measure 1).
* Finitely generated groups of subexponential growth are amenable.Non-examples
If a countable discrete group contains a (non-abelian) free subgroup on two generators, then it is not amenable. The converse to this statement is the so-called
von Neumann conjecture , which was disproved by Olshanskii in 1980 using his "Tarski monsters". Adyan subsequently showed that freeBurnside group s are non-amenable: since they are periodic, they cannot contain the free group on two generators. In 2002, Sapir and Olshankii found finitely generated counterexamples: non-amenablefinitely presented group s that have periodic normal subgroups of finite index. [citation|last=Olshanskii|first= Alexander Yu.|last2= Sapir|first2= Mark V.
title=Non-amenable finitely presented torsion-by-cyclic groups|journal=Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. |volume= 96 |year=2002|pages= 43-169 ]For finitely generated
linear group s, however, the von Neumann conjecture is true by theTits alternative [citation|last = Tits|first = J.|title = Free subgroups in linear groups|journal = J. Algebra|volume = 20|date = 1972|pages = 250-270] : every subgroup of "Gl"("n","k") with "k" a field either has a normal solvable subgroup of finite index (and therefore is amenable) or contains the free group on two generators.Although Tits' proof usedalgebraic geometry , Guivarc'h later found an analytic proof based on Oseledets'multiplicative ergodic theorem . [citation|last=Guivarc'h|first=Yves|title= Produits de matrices aléatoires et applications aux propriétés géometriques des sous-groupes du groupes linéaire
journal= Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.|year=1990|volume=10|pages=483-512] Analogues of the Tits alternative have been proved for many other classes of groups, such asfundamental group s of 2-dimensionalsimplicial complex es of non-positive curvature. [citation|first=Werner|last=Ballmann|first2=Michael|last2=Brin| title=Orbihedra of nonpositive curvature|journal=Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Publ. Math.|volume= 82 |year=1995|pages= 169-209]ee also
*
amenable Banach algebra Notes
References
* F.P. Greenleaf, "Invariant Means on Topological Groups and Their Applications", Van Nostrand Reinhold (1969).
* V. Runde, "Lectures on Amenability", Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1774, Springer (2002).
* M. Takesaki, "Theory of Operator Algebras", Vol. 2 and 3, Springer.
* J. von Neumann, "Zur allgemeinen Theorie des Maßes", Fund. Math. 13 (1929), 73−111. JFM|55.0151.01----
*planetmath|id=3598|title=Amenable group
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.