- Spy satellite
A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an
Earth observation satellite orcommunications satellite deployed formilitary or intelligence applications. The first generation type (i.e. Corona [ [http://www.nro.gov/corona/facts.html Corona page at NRO] ] [ [http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html Corona page at NASA] ] and Zenit) took photographs then ejected canisters ofphotographic film , which would descend to earth. Corona capsules were retrieved in mid-air as they floated down onparachute s. Later spacecraft had digital imaging systems and downloaded the images via encrypted radio links.In the
United States , most information available is on programs that existed up to 1972. Some information about programs prior to that time are still classified, and a small trickle of information is available on subsequent missions. A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case ofKH-11 photographs which were sent to "Jane's Defence Weekly " in 1985.Origins
On
March 16 ,1955 , theUnited States Air Force officially ordered the development of an advanced reconnaissance satellite to provide continuous surveillance of “preselected areas of the earth” in order “to determine the status of a potential enemy’s war-making capability.” [cite book | title = Into the Unknown Together - The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight
last = Erickson | first = Mark | isbn = 1-58566-140-6 | url = http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Erickson/erickson.pdf ] In October 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik. It was the first man made object to be put into space.Missions
Examples of reconnaissance satellite missions:
* High resolution photography (IMINT )
* Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT )
* Communications eavesdropping (SIGINT )
* Covert communications
* Monitoring of nuclear test ban compliance (seeNational Technical Means )
* Detection of missile launchesTypes
United States
*Naval
ELINT :
**GRAB
**Poppy
**Naval Ocean Surveillance System
*Samos F
*MolniyaSIGINT :
**Jumpseat
**Trumpet
*Geosynchronous SIGINT:
**Rhyolite/Aquacade
**Magnum/Orion
**Mentor
* Air Force Geosynchronous SIGINT:
**Canyon
**Aprilicus
**Vortex/Chalet
**Mercury
* Lacrosse/Onyx (RADINT )
* Misty/Zirconic
* Quasar
* Vela
*Key Hole (KH) series of imaging satellites:(*) Although there is much speculation concerning imaging resolution, any optical system is limited by
diffraction . For example, a satellite with a 4 m telescope at an orbit of 600 km has a diffraction limited resolution of 10 cm at 550nm (green light), so it certainly cannot read a license plate. Other effects such as an inhomogeneous atmosphere further degrade resolution. The apogee of a typical filming mission would have been close to 100 km (~62 miles). Using the above calculation the resolution would have been less than 2 cm (<1 inch).oviet Union/Russia
* Cosmos
*RORSAT (under cover of Cosmos series) [ [http://www.astronautix.com/project/rorsat.htm Rorsat - Encyclopedia Astronautica] ] .Radar type powered by Topaz nuclear reactors.
*Almaz
*Yantar
* ZenitChina
*
Fanhui Shi Weixing
** FSW-0
** FSW-1
** FSW-2
** FSW-3Germany
*
SAR-Lupe
** SAR-Lupe 1
** SAR-Lupe 2
** SAR-Lupe 3
** SAR-Lupe 4
** SAR-Lupe 5France
*
Helios 1B (destroyed),Helios 2A United Kingdom
* Zircon (cancelled in 1987)
India
*
Technology Experiment Satellite
*Cartosat 2A (Launched on April 28, 2008)Iran
*
Sinah-1
*Mesbah (ready for launch)Israel
*
Ofeq
*TecSAR Italy
*
COSMO-SkyMed Japan
*
Information Gathering Satellite Egypt
*
EgyptSat 1 [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467733037&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull]
*EgyptSat 2 (planned)
*DesertSat (planned end of 2007)outh Korea
*
Arirang-2 Turkey
*
Türk Gölgesi
** Türk Gölgesi 1
** Türk Gölgesi 2
** Türk Gölgesi 3
** Other classified programs
** Gokturk-1 (Co-production planned with either Israel, US, Italy or Germany, 0.8m resolution, integration with National UAV's, Turkish Navy and Air Force)
** Gokturk-2 (2m resolution, production started at Turkish Aerospace Industries)In fiction
Spy satellites are commonly seen in
spy fiction andmilitary fiction . Some works of fiction that focus specifically on spy satellites include:* "
The OMAC Project "
* "Enemy of the State (film) "
* "Ice Station Zebra "References
ee also
*
National Reconnaissance Office
*Defense Support Program
*European Union Satellite Centre
*Atmospheric reentry
*List of intelligence gathering disciplines External links
* http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/
* [http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/3d/JTrack3d.html Java 3D satellite tracker]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/imint.htm GlobalSecurity.org: Imagery Intelligence]
* [http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/230905b_trans.htm Iran to Launch first spy satellite]
* http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/egyptsat-1.htm
* http://www.spacetoday.org/Rockets/Spaceports/Iraq.html
* [http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Military Intelligence Satellites] (NASA, remote sensing tutorial)
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