Mast aft rig

A mast aft rig, alternately referred to as aft-mast rig, is a sailboat sail-plan that uses a single mast set in the aft half of the hull. The mast supports fore-sails that may consist of a single jib multiple staysails, or a crab claw sail. The mainsail is either small or completely absent. Mast aft rigs are uncommon, but are found on a few custom, and production sailboats.^[1][2]

Comparison to other single mast rigs

Many mast-aft rigs utilize a small mainsail and multiple staysails that can resemble some cutter rigs. A cutter is a single masted vessel, differentiated from a sloop either by the number of staysails, with a sloop having one and a cutter more than one, or by the position of the mast, with a cutter's mast being located between 50% and 70% of the way from the aft to the front of the sailplan, and a sloop's mast being located forward of the 70% mark. A mast aft rig could, based on headsail count, be considered a variation of the sloop or cutter, or, based on mast position, a unique rig.^[3]

Advantages of the mast aft rig

In the typical Bermuda rig, the sails located in front of the mast generally deliver a higher percentage of the driving force. The stay that supports the leading edge of the sail causes far less turbulence than a mast, resulting in better airflow across the lee side of the sail. To take advantage of this fact, Bermuda rigs are shifting towards larger fore-sails and smaller mainsails. Fore-sails, alternately called head-sails, include the [jib], genoas and staysail. The cutter, with its use of multiple foresails, achieves the same goal of placing a higher percentage of the sail area in staysails.^[3]

By moving the mast toward the back of the sailboat, designers can increase the size and driving power of the more efficient foresails. The mainsail is reduced in size or eliminate altogether. An advantages of using foresails, also called staysails, is that they may be rigged for roller furling. This allows the sail(s) to quickly and easily be deployed and reefed by pulling lines. The sail rolls up around the stay. This simplicity and easy operation is one of the main attractions of the mast aft rig.^[3]

By reducing the mainsail in size or eliminating it altogether, the aft mast rig squarely minimizes or completely solves the problems associated with battens. Battens enable designers to increase the size of mainsails by pushing the mainsail away from the mast. However, the forces of the battens pushing against the mast make it more difficult to raise or lower the mainsail. On larger rigs, "batten cars" are needed to overcome these forces.^[4]

By eliminating the battens and associated batten cars, the material cost savings for a typical 60-ft catamaran can be as much as $12,000 AUD.^[5] Aft-mast rigs with no mainsail also require fewer winches to raise and lower sails, and no winches to move the boom. When "Hot Buoys" converted from a Bermuda rig to an aft-mast rig 5 winches were no longer required.

With no boom that could sweep them into the sea, sailors on this mast-aft rig are able to utilize the roof of the pilot house.

For rigs with no mainsail, there is also no boom. This saves the cost of the Boom (sailing), and hardware and lines associated with the boom. More importantly, eliminating the boom is a matter of safety. The second leading cause of death on sailboats is the boom.^[6] Booms cause injuries and deaths directly and indirectly by knocking people overboard. Even when stationary booms represent a hazard. According to a German study, "boom strikes were the most common cause of sailing injury overall".^[7] Another aspect of safety is in regards to the elimination of the lines and hardware to control the boom. With fewer lines and less hardware on the deck there are fewer items to trip over or jamb fingers and hands.

Disadvantages of the mast aft rig

Mast aft rigs are viewed as unconventional, and since recreational sailors often choose boats based on what "looks" right, mast aft rigs face resistance in the recreational market. Racing sailors will use whatever is fastest within class rules, and class rules are generally very closely tied to the conventional Bermuda rig.

Another disadvantage of the mast aft rig, when set up with no mainsail, is the drag on the mast. While the mast may interfere with the airflow around the mainsail, the mainsail also serves to reduce the drag on the mast. By not having a sail attached to the trailing edge of the mast, the mast becomes a significant source of drag.^{[citation needed]}

The performance of the sail is dependent on having a forestay which is taught. If the forestay is allowed to slack, the sail will loose it's airfoil shape and not perform as well. ^[8]

This requires heavy rigging with high tension which adds stress to the overall sail rig system.   Not really a disadvantage, but a parameter to consider if rigging a sailboat to use a mast aft rig.

Commercial Production Examples

An early successful mast-aft design was built by Prout Catamarans, Ltd. The Snowgoose models were offered with a mast-aft rig, and it boasted a number of features that made short-handed sailing easier than with a standard Bermuda rig. Broadblue Catamarans Ltd. now owns and makes two of the Prout designs, which still come standard with the mast-aft rig.^[2][9][10]

Model "HK-40" By RB Power and Sail of Thailand.

RB Power & Sailing of Thailand offers two aft-mast catamarans. Model "HK-40" is 40-ft long and model "HK-55" is 55-ft long. They were designed by Albert Nazarov.^[11]

Most aft-mast sailboats are either catamarans, or trimarans. An exception is the "4.8 monomaran" designed by Kees Radius's. A ""monomaran"" is a single hull with no ballast and a dagger board.^[12]

Unsuccessful commercial examples include the Delta 26 by Gary Hoyt and the CS-24 by Phil Bolger. Prototypes of both designs were constructed, but neither entered commercial production. Ted Brewer's So-Du-It, designed for amateur home construction, had at least two examples constructed, but the anticipated offshore racing class never materialized.

Custom Yacht Examples

Shotover is a 60-ft long racing catamaran with a 31-ft beam designed by Lock Crowther and built for Sir Douglas Myer. This sailboat utilizes a mainsail and a small boom. For several years it held the fastest time in the Brisbane to Gladstone yacht race. ^[13] The sailboat now shuttles tourists to Monkey Mia. A resort area near Perth Australia.

Hot Buoys is a 65-ft long cruising trimaran with a 40-ft beam. It was designed by Jay Kantola, and built by Richard and Kris Barrie of California. In 2010 it was converted by Philip Maise to an aft-mast rig with a self-tacking crab-claw sail. Video in External Links

Warick Collins, experimental boat builder, and inventor of both the tandem keel and the universal hull, now uses an aft-mast rig. "I believe that in due course this will have wide applications for motor-sailers, commercial vessels and sail-assisted passage-making on larger vessels of different types.^[14]

External links

1. Boats featuring an innovative "wishbone" mast, in both tall and short versions. Another photo of the tall rig. These may or may not have been constructed for the Proycyon project.
2. Revisiting a mast-aft sailing rig
3. Mast aft on a puddle duck racer a plywood boat you can build. Here are other unusual sails at pdracer.com
4. Sail power calculator
5. Video "Hot Buoys" Self-Tacking Aft-Mast Trimaran

References

1. ^ Jeremy McGeary (October 19, 2006). "Showcase 2007: 61 New Models". Cruising World. http://www.cruisingworld.com/boats-and-gear/boat-reviews-and-previews/showcase-2007-61-new-models-44585.html. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Charles E. Kanter (November, 2001). "Reviewing the Prout Snowgoose 34 catamaran". Southwinds Sailing. http://www.southwindssailing.com/articles/0111/proutsnowgoose.html. ^{[dead link]}
3. ^ ^{a b c} Brian Eiland. "Revisiting the mast-aft sailing rig". RunningTideYachts, Ltd. http://www.runningtideyachts.com/sail/. 
4. ^ "Full Batten Mainsails by Andrew Dove 2007". http://www.allatsea.net/article/August_2007/Full_Batten_Mainsails. 
5. ^ "WINDSLYCE Full Batten Main RCB Traveller Systems". http://www.windslyce.com/FBMtext.html. 
6. ^ "Sailing Injuries by Andrew Nathanson, MD, emergency physician at Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital, and Glenn Hebel, MD, director of emergency medicine at Newport Hospital". http://www.lifespan.org/services/travel/sailing_injuries.htm. 
7. ^ Catastrophic injuries in sports and recreation: causes and prevention : By Charles H. Tator :Page 143. http://books.google.com.my/books?id=o9Qd4E8NFvoC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=sailing+injuries+caused+by+the+boom&source=bl&ots=nNsqKO6vI3&sig=21C18RfIJi16GrcouvnjdPon8G4&hl=en&ei=mxK6Tfr5Mo3evQPW0cTICw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
8. ^ 100 Small Boat Rigs By Phil Bolger August 1984. http://www.pdracer.com/books/sail-making-technical.php. 
9. ^ "Prout Catamarans Ltd". http://www.multihull-maven.com/Designers/Prout_Catamarans_Ltd. 
10. ^ "Broadblue 38". http://www.multihull-maven.com/Boats/Broadblue_38. 
11. ^ "RB Power & Sailing". http://www.powerandsailing.com/boats-catamarans/catamaran-power-sailing-HK40.html. 
12. ^ "Radius Design". http://www.radiusholland.nl/page1/page1.html. 
13. ^ "Shotover". http://www.boatdesign.net/gallery/showphoto.php/photo/7044. 
14. ^ http://woodenboat.com/boat/?paged=2 The Universal Hull by Warwick Collins June 14th, 2011