Columbus-Belmont State Park

Columbus-Belmont State Park
Columbus-Belmont State Park Anchor
Type	Kentucky state park
Location	Hickman County, Kentucky
Coordinates	36°45′56″N 89°06′25″W / 36.765556°N 89.106944°W / 36.765556; -89.106944Coordinates: 36°45′56″N 89°06′25″W / 36.765556°N 89.106944°W / 36.765556; -89.106944
Area	156 acres (0.63 km2)
Created	1934
Operated by	Kentucky Department of Parks
Open	year-round
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Built:	1861
Governing body:	State
NRHP Reference#:	73000806[1]
Added to NRHP:	May 09, 1973

Columbus-Belmont State Park, on the shores of the Mississippi River in Hickman County, near Columbus, Kentucky, is the site of a Confederate fortification built during the American Civil War. The site was considered by both North and South to be strategically significant in gaining and keeping control of the Mississippi River.

History

Confederate General Leonidas Polk fortified the area now occupied by the park beginning September 3, 1861. The fort at Columbus was built upon a bluff along the "cutside" of the river. The fort was christened Fort DeRussey, but Polk referred it as the "Gibraltar of the West." He had equipped it with a massive chain that was stretched across the Mississippi to Belmont, Missouri, to block the passage of Union gunboats and supply vessels to and from Southern destinations in the western theaters of the war.^[2] Equipped also with 143 cannons, Columbus was the Northern-most Confederate base along the Mississippi, protecting Memphis, Vicksburg and other key Southern holdings. As the northern terminus of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, Columbus was logistically tied to Confederate supply lines.

Many of the earthen fortifications, buildings and artillery pieces were lost to erosion of the bluff during heavy flooding in the region during the 1920s. When the flooding receded in 1925, the giant chain was exposed, and the people of Columbus decided to save it for future generations. The area containing the park was purchased by the state of Kentucky in 1934.^[2]

Attractions

The primary attraction in the park continues to be Polk's giant chain, which is estimated to have been over a mile long before flooding and erosion destroyed part of it. With an anchor weighing between four and six tons and each chain link being eleven inches (279 mm) long, the Civilian Conservation Corps built a stone monument to hold the chain in 1934.^[2]

Another attraction at the park is the remains of the "Lady Polk," a giant experimental cannon named for Polk's wife. At 10 feet (3.0 m) long and 15,000 pounds, the imposing gun bombarded Ulysses S. Grant's troops at the Battle of Belmont with 128-pound conical projectiles that it could fire up to three miles (5 km). However, repeated shots from the cannon heated and expanded the metal barrel, so when its last loaded but unfired shot from the Battle of Belmont was discharged two days later, the projectile was unable to escape the barrel, causing the cannon to explode into three pieces and killing 18 Confederate soldiers. A Federal newspaper soon after mocked that: "a person would be likely to consider himself as safe on one end [of the cannon] as the other."^[2]

Museum

A single surviving antebellum building at the park, once a farmhouse, served as a Confederate hospital during the early part of the war. The restored building remains a museum and interpretive center for the Kentucky state park system.^[2] Exhibits focus on the Civil War history of the area and local natural and cultural history. The museum is open daily from May through September, and on weekends in April and October.

See also

• Fort Defiance (Illinois)
• Battle of Belmont
• Battle of Island Number Ten

References

1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bailey, Bill (1995). "Columbus-Belmont State Park". Kentucky State Parks. Saginaw, Michigan: Glovebox Guidebooks of America. ISBN 1881139131. 

External links

• Columbus-Belmont State Park (Kentucky State Parks)
• Columbus-Belmont State Park (StateParks.com)
• Civil War Artillery in the News
• Interpreting the Civil War at Columbus-Belmont State Park and Sacramento, Kentucky: Two Case Studies by William H. Mulligan, Jr., Forrest C. Pogue Public History Institute, Murray State University