Charlotte of Spain

Charlotte of Spain
A portrait today held at Ajuda
Queen consort of Portugal
Spouse	John VI of Portugal
Detail Issue
Teresa, Princess of Beira Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain Pedro I of Brazil Miguel of Portugal Infanta Ana, Duchess of Loulé
Full name
Carlota Joaquina Teresa Caetana
House	House of Bourbon
Father	Charles IV of Spain
Mother	Maria Luisa of Parma
Born	25 April 1775 Royal Palace of Aranjuez, Kingdom of Spain
Died	7 January 1830(1830-01-07) (aged 54) Queluz National Palace, Kingdom of Portugal
Burial	Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon

Charlotte of Spain (Carlota Joaquina Teresa Caetana; 25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) was a Queen consort of Portugal as wife of John VI. She was the eldest daughter of King Charles IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma.

Early life

The then Infanta portrayed by Mariano Salvador Maella

She was born in Aranjuez. She was the eldest surviving child born to her parents. She was born during the reign of her paternal grand father, Charles III of Spain (1716–1788). Her father was the second son of Charles III and his Saxon wife Maria Amalia; her mother, Maria Luisa of Parma was a granddaughter of Louis XV of France through her mother Princess Louise Élisabeth of France, Louis XV's favourite daughter. Louise Élisabeth's husband Philip, Duke of Parma, was a younger brother of Charles III. Charlotte's future husband was a grandson of Mariana Victoria of Spain, sister of Charles III and the Duke of Parma.

The subject of her marriage was arranged by Mariana and Charles III in the late 1770s when Mariana went to Spain to encourage diplomatic relations between the estranged countries. Charlotte was to marry the Prince of Brazil and Charlotte's uncle Infante Gabriel would marry Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal, another grand child of Mariana Victoria of Spain.

Marriage

Queen Charlotte equestrian portrait in display at the Imperial Museum of Brazil

On 8 May 1785 she was officially married (consummated on 9 January 1790 in Lisbon) to the future John VI, King of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, the second son of Queen Maria I of Portugal and the late King Peter III of Portugal.

In 1788, when his eldest brother Joseph, Prince of Brazil, died, John became the first in line to his mother's throne. Soon he received the titles Prince of Brazil and 17th Duke of Braganza. Between 1788 and 1816, Charlotte was known as Princess of Brazil. John, her husband, was good-natured, indolent, corpulent and almost as ugly as was she. His religious observances bored her and they were quite incompatible. Nevertheless they produced nine children and, because they were all handsome, it was rumoured that especially the younger ones had a different father. After the birth of the ninth child they began to live separate lives, he at Mafra and she at Queluz. Here it was rumoured that she had bought a retreat where she indulged in sexual orgies.

In 1807, the Portuguese royal family left Portugal for Brazil because of the Napoleonic invasion.

In Brazil

While in Brazil, Charlotte made attempts to obtain the administration of the Spanish dominions in Latin America, a project known as Carlotism. Spain itself was under Napoleon and its kings, her father and brother Ferdinand, were held by Napoleon in France. She regarded herself as the heiress of her captured family. Allegedly among her plans was to send armies to occupy Buenos Aires and northern Argentina to style herself as Queen of La Plata. The Portuguese-Brazilian forces, however, only managed to annex the eastern banks of the river as Cisplatina, which were kept in the Empire after 1822 and seceded in 1828 as the Republic of Uruguay.

Queen

When the Portuguese Royal Family returned to Portugal in 1821 after an absence of 14 years, Charlotte met a country that had changed much since their departure. In 1807, Portugal had lived stably under absolutism. Napoleonic troops and the developments in her native Spain had brought revolutionary ideas. In 1820, a liberal revolution commenced in Oporto. A constitutional Cortes Gerais had been promulgated, and in 1821 it gave Portugal its first constitution. The queen had arch-conservative positions and wanted a reactionary development in Portugal. Her husband did not want to renege his vows to uphold the constitution. Charlotte made an alliance with her youngest son Miguel, who shared his mother's conservative views. In 1824, using Miguel's position as army commander, they took power and held the king a virtual prisoner in the palace, where the queen tried to make him to abdicate in favor of Miguel. However, the king received British help and regained power, finally compelling his son to leave the country. The queen had also to go briefly into exile.

King John VI lived in the Palace of Bemposta and Queen Charlotte in Queluz. Though she lived there quietly, she became decidedly eccentric in dress and behaviour. However, their eldest son, Pedro, left behind as regent in Brazil, was proclaimed and crowned on 1 December 1822 as its independent Emperor. John VI refused to accept this until, in August 1825, he was persuaded by the British to do so. In March 1826, prematurely aged, he died. Claiming ill-health, Charlotte refused to attend his deathbed and started the rumour that her husband had been poisoned by the Freemasons.

The Emperor of Brazil now became King of Portugal as well; but knowing this to be impossible, Peter abdicated in Portugal and made his eldest daughter Queen as well as betrothing her to Miguel, his younger brother. In the meantime Infanta Isabel Maria, Charlotte's daughter, was to be the regent in Portugal. About two years later the little queen set out, only to find upon arrival at Gibraltar that her uncle and fiancé had not only removed the regent but declared himself King of Portugal.

Shortly before King John's death, he nominated their daughter Infanta Isabel Maria as regent, a position usually occupied by the queen dowager.

Queen Charlotte died or killed herself at Queluz Palace.

Issue

• Maria Teresa Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga of Portugal (1793–1874), m. Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal (they had one child, Sebastian of Spain). m2. Infante Carlos of Spain, pretender of Spain, widower of her younger sister
• António (Francisco António) (1795–1801), 4th prince of Beira
• Maria Isabel Francisca of Portugal (1797–1818), m. Ferdinand VII of Spain, her uncle
• Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim of Portugal (1798–1834), prince of Beira, then Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil himself, later Emperor of Brazil
• Maria Francisca de Assis da Maternidade Xavier de Paula de Alcântara Antónia Joaquina Gonzaga Carlota Mónica Senhorinha Soter e Caia of Portugal (1800–1834), m. Infante Carlos of Spain, future pretender to the Spanish throne, her uncle
• Isabel Maria da Conceição Joana Gualberta Ana Francisca de Assis de Paula de Alcântara Antónia Rafaela Micaela Gabriela Joaquina Gonzaga of Portugal (1801–1876), Regent of Portugal in 1826
• Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo of Portugal (1802–1866) later King of Portugal
• Maria da Asuncao Ana Joana Josefa Luiza Gonzaga Francisca de Assis Xavier de Paula Joaquina Antonia de Santiago of Portugal (1805–1834)
• Ana de Jesus Maria Luís Gonzaga Joaquina Micaela Rafaela Francisca Xavier de Paula of Portugal (1806–1857), m. 1827 Nuno José Severo de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto, 1st Duke of Loulé

Carlota in film and television

• Carlota Joaquina - Princesa do Brazil (1994) – Directed by Carla Camurati. Cast: Marco Nanini, Marieta Severo, Vera Holtz, Ney Latorraca and Marcos Palmeira. Tells a summarized tale, mixing history with legend, of the Princess's life, from her childhood until her (mythical) suicide.
• O Quinto dos Infernos (2003) – Directed by Wolf Maya. Cast: André Mattos, Betty Lago, Eva Wilma, Marcos Pasquim and Humberto Martins. A television miniseries produced by Rede Globo which tells the tale of the Portuguese Royal Family during their stay in Brazil.

Ancestors

Further reading

• Azevedo, Francisca Nogueira de. Carlota Joaquina na Corte do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2003.
• Azevedo, Francisca Nogueira de. Carlota Joaquina: cartas inéditas. Rio de Janeiro, Casa da Palavra, 2007.
• Cassotti, Marsilio. Carlota Joaquina - o Pecado Espanhol. Lisboa, A Esfera dos Livros, 2009.
• Cheke, Marcus. Carlota Joaquina: Queen of Portugal. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1947
  • (Portuguese) Carlota Joaquina, a Rainha Intrigante; tradução de Gulnara Lobato de Morais Pereira. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1949.
• Lima, Oliveira. D. João VI no Brasil. Topbooks.
• Pereira, Sara Marques (1999), D. Carlota Joaquina e os Espelhos de Clio: Actuação Política e Figurações Historiográficas, Livros Horizonte, Lisboa, 1999.
• Pereira, Sara Marques (2008), D. Carlota Joaquina Rainha de Portugal, Livros Horizonte, Lisboa, 2008.

Charlotte of Spain House of Bourbon Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty Born: 25 April 1775 Died: 7 January 1830
Portuguese royalty
Vacant Title last held by Mariana Victoria of Spain	Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 20 March 1816 – 7 September 1822	Succeeded by Maria Leopoldina of Austria
Brazil secedes to found the Empire of Brazil	Queen consort of Portugal and the Algarves 7 September 1822 – 10 March 1826

Persondata
Name	Carlota Joaquina Of Spain
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	25 April 1775
Place of birth	Royal Palace of Aranjuez, Kingdom of Spain
Date of death	7 January 1830
Place of death	Queluz National Palace, Kingdom of Portugal