Greater China

Greater China
Traditional Chinese	大中華地區
Simplified Chinese	大中华地区
Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Dà Zhōnghuá Dìqū Min - Hokkien POJ Tāi Tiong-hôa tē-khu Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping daai6 zong1 waa4 dei6 keoi1
Chinese-speaking World/Sinophone World
Traditional Chinese	華文世界
Simplified Chinese	华文世界
Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin huá wén shì jiè Min - Hokkien POJ Hôa-bûn-sè-kài Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping waa4 man4 sai3 gaai3

Greater China Area is a term used to refer to commercial ties and cultural interactions among ethnic Chinese. As a "phrase of the moment", the precise meaning is not entirely clear, and people may use it for only the commercial ties, only the cultural actions, or even as a euphemism for the Two Chinas, while others may use it for some combination of the three. The term is not specifically political in usage; ties common between the geographical regions, for instance Chinese-language television, film and music entertainment is commonly attributed to be a cultural aspect of "Greater China".^[1][2] Usage of the term may also vary as to the geographic regions it is meant to imply. In addition to mainland China, the term may include some or all of the followings: Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia or overseas Chinese living anywhere in the world.^[3][4] In mainland China, the most common geographic uses include those areas claimed by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

The term Greater China is generally used for referring to the cultural and economic ties between the relevant territories, and is not intended to imply sovereignty. But to avoid any political connotation, the term Chinese-speaking world or Sinophone world is often used instead of Greater China.

History

The term was used at least as far back as the 1930s by George Cressey to refer to the entire Chinese Empire, as opposed to China proper.^[3] Usage by the United States on government maps in the 1940s as a political term included territories claimed by the Republic of China that were part of the previous empire, or geographically to refer to topographical features associated with China that may or may not have lain entirely within Chinese political borders.^[3] The concept began to appear again in Chinese-language sources in the late 1970s, referring the growing commercial ties between the mainland and Hong Kong, with the possibility of extending these to Taiwan, with perhaps the first such reference being in a Taiwanese journal Changqiao in 1979.^[3] The English term subsequently re-emerged in the 1980s to refer to the growing economic ties between the regions as well as the possibility of political unification.^[3] The term was also "coined by Japanese economists to describe the increasing economic integration between China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan produced by globalization." ^[5] It is not an institutionalized entity such as the EU or ASEAN. The concept is a generalization to group several markets seen to been closely linked economically and does not imply sovereignty.^[6]

Usage in finance

In the financial context, a number of Greater China stocks and funds exist. These generally do not include Macau (which does not have a stock exchange) or Singapore (which does). For example, the ING Greater China Fund invests 80% of its assets in the Greater China region, which in their definition "consists of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan".^[7] Similarly, the Dreyfus Greater China Fund invests in assets in companies that "are principally traded in China, Hong Kong or Taiwan" or have either the majority of their assets or revenues from this region.,^[8] as does the JF Greater China Fund,^[9] and the HSBC Greater China Fund prior to February 2009 (after which it dropped Taiwanese assets from its portfolio and was renamed to the HSBC China Region Fund).^[10][11] Numerous other examples exist.

Political usage

The term is often used to refer in an attempt to avoid invoking sensitivities over the political status of Taiwan.^[6] Some Taiwan independence supporters object to the term as it implies that Taiwan is a part of some concept of China.^{[6][not in citation given][12][not in citation given]} Some supporters of Chinese reunification also object to the term as it implies that "Greater China" is different from China.^{[citation needed]} For many Asians, the term is a reminder of the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere", a euphemism for the Japanese Empire.^[13] Because of these sensitivities, the term is often avoided in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

At the time the term started gaining currency in the 1980s, it began to meet with objections from those representing mainland Chinese interests. They expressed concern at the possibility of opportunistic non-citizens, motivated more by profit than loyalty or patriotism, seeking to take advantage of Chinese economic growth, and at the erosion of the Chinese nation-state. One such scholar described typical objections:^[5]

From the national perspective, we reject the concept of a Greater China. From the legal perspective, we cannot mix up different nationals [simply] because they have the same language and culture as we do . . . [Similarly], most Southeast Asian Chinese reject this concept. [But] Taiwan likes this view of Greater China. It is a business concept to capitalize on China's development. Western scholars see a stronger China and project their own model by exaggerating data on overseas-Chinese development. This problem must be seen on the level of government-to-government relations. We see things as a business matter. Overseas Chinese come not because they are patriotic but because of investment benefits. We need to clearly differentiate between those who are nationals, and those who are from overseas.

—Huang Kunzhang, professor at Shantou University

See also

China portal

• East Asia
• History of China
• List of tributaries of Imperial China
• Sinosphere

References

1. ^ MTV Channels In Southeast Asia and Greater China To Exclusively Air The Youth Inaugural Ball - MTV Asia
2. ^ June 1, 2008, Universal Music Group realigns presence in Greater China, Television Asia (Article archive at Newser)
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Harding, Harry (Dec., 1993). "The Concept of 'Greater China': Themes, Variations and Reservations". The China Quarterly (136, Special Issue: Greater China): 660. 
4. ^ Wang Gungwu (Dec., 1993). "Greater China and the Chinese Overseas". The China Quarterly (136, Special Issue: Greater China): 926–948. ISBN 9780415338592. http://books.google.com/?id=VV9khhBOrlUC&pg=PA433&lpg=PA433&dq=greater+china+overseas+chinese. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Aihwa Ong (1999). Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality. Duke University Press. pp. 60. ISBN 0822322692, 9780822322696. http://books.google.com/?id=7ziMg9du5jwC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=greater+china+overseas+chinese. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Aretz, Tilman (2007). The greater China factbook. Taipei: Taiwan Elite Press. ISBN 9789867762979 9867762975. OCLC 264977502. http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010380377. 
7. ^ "Prospectus - ING Global and International Equity and Fixed-Income Funds - Class A, B,". ING Funds. 2009-02-27. http://www.ingfunds.com/investor/content/literature/category/default.aspx?f=133&lc=Prospectuses+%26+Reports&lsc=Prospectuses. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
8. ^ "Dreyfus Greater China Fund (prospectus)". Dreyfus Corporation. 2009-03-01. http://www.dreyfus.com/compliance/pdf/prs/0130_prs.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
9. ^ "J.P. Morgan Country/Region Funds: Class A, Class B & Class C Shares". JPMorgan Funds. 2009-02-28. http://public.jpmorgan.com/vgn-ext-templating/jpmf-extensions/StaticFiles/English/Quarterly%20Fund%20Factsheets/JPMFF%20-%20Greater%20China%20Fund%20%5BQFF%5D%20%5BENG%5D.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-02. 
10. ^ "HSBC Chinese Equity Fund (Factsheet)". HSBC Global Asset Management (UK). 2005-12-15. http://services.assetmanagement.hsbc.co.uk/site/media/pdf/Factsheets/OEIC/ogcGBP.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-30. 
11. ^ Langston, Rob (2009-02-23). "HSBC announces changes to Greater China fund". FT Advisor. http://www.ftadviser.com/InvestmentAdviser/Investments/AssetClass/Equities/Growth/News/article/20090223/380253ec-fe75-11dd-ac57-00144f2af8e8/HSBC-announces-changes-to-Greater-China-fund.jsp. Retrieved 2009-06-30. 
12. ^ Taiwan Travel guides
13. ^ Shambaugh, David (Dec., 1993). "Introduction: The Emergence of 'Greater China'". The China Quarterly (136, Special Issue: Greater China): 654.