Ramakrishna Mission

Ramakrishna Mission
The Emblem
Motto	"Atmano mokshartham jagad hitaya cha," — "For one's own salvation, and for the welfare of the world
Formation	1897
Purpose/focus	Educational, Philanthropic, Religious Studies, Spirituality
Headquarters	Belur Math, West Bengal
Region served	Worldwide
Website	Belur Math

Universal Temple at Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai

Ramakrishna Math (Bengali: রামকৃষ্ণ মঠ) and Ramakrishna Mission (Bengali: রামকৃষ্ণ মিশন) are twin organizations which form the core of a worldwide spiritual movement known as Ramakrishna Movement or Vedanta Movement.^[1] The Ramakrishna Mission is a philanthropic, volunteer organization founded by Ramakrishna's chief disciple Swami Vivekananda on May 1, 1897. The Mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture. It uses the combined efforts of hundreds of ordered monks and thousands of householder disciples. The Mission bases its work on the principles of karma yoga.^[2] As a practical extension of these principles, Swami Atmaprabhananda initated a global brotherly love project in Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith at Deoghar where he was the principal of the school. ^[3]

The Mission, which is headquartered at Belur Math in Howrah, WB near Kolkata, India, subscribes to the ancient Hindu philosophy of Vedanta. It is affiliated with the monastic organization Ramakrishna Math, with whom it shares members.^[1]

Overview

The Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission are the two key organizations that direct the work of the Ramakrishna movement, a socio-religious movement influenced by 19th century saint Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and shaped by his chief disciple Swami Vivekananda.^[4] Also referred to as the Ramakrishna Order, the Math is the movement's monastic organization. Founded by Ramakrishna in 1886, the Math primarily focuses on spiritual training and the propagation of the movement's teachings.^[4]

The Ramakrishna Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897, is an humanitarian organization which carries out extensive medical, relief and educational programs. Both the organizations have headquarters at the Belur Math. The Ramakrishna Mission acquired a legal status when it was registered in 1909 under Act XXI of 1860. Its management is vested in a Governing Body. Though the Mission with its branches is a distinct legal entity, it is closely related to the Ramakrishna Math. The elected trustees of the Math also serve as Mission's Governing Body. ^[4] Vedanta Societies comprise the American arm of the Ramakrishna movement and work more in purely spiritual field rather than social welfare.^[4]

Administration

The Ramakrishna Math is administered by an democratically elected Board of Trustees. From amongst themselves the Trustees elect President, Vice-Presidents,General Secretary, Assistant Secretaries and Treasurer.

The Ramakrishna Mission is administered by a Governing Body, which is composed of the Trustees of Ramakrishna Math. The headquarters of Ramakrishna Math at Belur (popularly known as Belur Math) serves also as the headquarters of Ramakrishna Mission. A branch centre of Ramakrishna Math is managed by a team of monks posted by the Trustees. A branch centre of Ramakrishna Mission is governed by a Managing Committee appointed by the Governing Body of Ramakrishna Mission.

All the monks of the Ramakrishna Order form the democratic base of the administration. A representative meeting of all monks is held every three years when the report of all the activities of the Organization are approved and the accounts passed and guidance sought for further development.

This conference places its seal of approval on the decisions taken by the Trustees elected by them and gives policy guidance.

History

Ramkrishna Paramhansa

Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of Religions

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ( 1836–1886 ), a 19th century saint was the founder of the Ramakrishna Order of monks^[5] and is regarded as the spiritual founder of the Ramakrishna Movement.^[6][7] Ramakrishna was a priest in the Dakshineswar Kali Temple and attracted several monastic and householder disciples. Narendranath Dutta, who later became Swami Vivekananda was one of the chief monastic disciples. Shortly before his death in 1886, Ramakrishna gave the ocher cloths to his young disciples, who were planning to become renunciates. Ramakrishna entrusted the care of these young boys to Vivekananda. After Ramakrishna's death, the young disciples of Ramakrishna gathered and practised spiritual disciplines. They took informal monastic vows on a night which to their pleasant surprise turned out to be the Christmas Eve in 1886.^[5]

After the death of Ramakrishna in 1886, the monastic disciples formed the first Math (monastery) at Baranagore. Later Swami Vivekananda became a wandering monk and in 1893 he was a delegate at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions. His speech there, beginning with "Sisters and brothers of America" became famous and brought him widespread recognition. Vivekananda went on lecture tours and held private discourses on Hinduism and spirituality. He also founded the first Vedanta Society in America at New York. He returned to India in 1897 and founded the Ramakrishna Mission on May 1, 1897.^[5] Though he was a Hindu monk and was hailed as the first Hindu missionary in modern times, he exhorted his followers to be be true to their faith but respect all religions of the world as his Guru Sri Ramakrishna had taught that all religions are pathways to God. One such example is his exhortion "to become like Jesus Christ"^[8] and that one can be born in a church but he or she should not die in a church meaning that one should realize the spiritual truths for themselves and not stop at blindly believing in doctrines taught to them. The same year, famine relief was started at Sargachi by Swami Akhandananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna. Swami Brahmananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna was appointed as the first president of the Order. After the death of Swami Vivekananda in 1902, Sarada Devi, the spiritual counterpart of Ramakrishna, played an important role as the advisory head of a nascent monastic organization. Gayatri Spivak writes that Sarada Devi "performed her role with tact and wisdom, always remaining in the background."^[9]

The motto and principles

The aims and ideals of the Mission are purely spiritual and humanitarian and has no connection with politics.^[10] Vivekananda proclaimed "Renunciation and service" as the twofold national ideals of modern India and the work of Ramakrishna mission strives to practice and preach these ideals.^[11] The service activities are based on the message of "Jiva is Shiva" from Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda's message of "Daridra Narayana" to indicate that service to poor is service to god. The Principles of Upaishads and Yoga in Bhagavad Gita reinterpreted in the light of Ramakrishna's Life and Teachings is the main source of inspiration for the Ramakrishna Mission.^[12] The service activities are rendered looking upon all as veritable manifestation of the Divine. The Motto of the organization is Atmano Mokshartham Jagad-hitaya Cha. Translated from Sanskrit आत्मनॊ मोक्षार्थम् जगद्धिताय च it means For one's own salvation, and for the good of the world.^[13] .

Monastic Order

After the passing away of their Master Sri Ramakrishna in 1886 the young disciples organized themselves into a new monastic order. The original monastery at Baranagar known as Baranagar Math was subsequently moved to Alambazar area nearby in 1892, then to Nilambar Mukherjee's Garden House, south of the present Belur Math in 1898 before finally being shifted in January 1899 to a newly acquired plot of land at Belur in Howrah district by Swami Vivekananda.^[14] This monastery, known as Belur Math, serves as the Mother House for all the monks of Ramakrishna Order who live in the various branch centres of Ramakrishna Math and/or Ramakrishna Mission in different parts of India and the world.

All members of the Order undergo training and ordination (Sannyasa) at Belur Math.

• A candidate for monastic life is treated as a pre-probationer during the first year of his stay at any centre, and as a probationer during the next four years.
• At the end of this period he is ordained into celibacy (Brahmacharya) and is given certain vows (Pratijna), the most important of which are chastity, renunciation and service.
• After a further period of four years, if found fit, he is ordained into (Sannyasa) and given the ocher (gerua) clothes to wear.

Emblem

Designed and explained by Swami Vivekananda in his own words:^[15]

The wavy waters in the picture are symbolic of Karma; the lotus, of Bhakti; and the rising-sun, of Jnana. The encircling serpent is indicative of Yoga and the awakened Kundalini Shakti, while the swan in the picture stands for Paramatman (Supreme Self). Therefore, the idea of the picture is that by the union of Karma, Jnana, Bhakti and Yoga, the vision of Paramatman is obtained.

Activities

A sailor assigned to the mine countermeasures ship USS Patriot (MCM 7) who cleared ground to plant a garden of pomegranate, guava and lemon trees at the mission.

The principal workers of the mission are the monks. The mission's activities cover the following areas,^[11]

• Education
• Health care
• Cultural activities
• Rural uplift
• Tribal welfare
• Youth movement etc.

The mission has its own hospitals, charitable dispensaries, maternity clinics, tuberculosis clinics, and mobile dispensaries. It also maintains training centers for nurses. Orphanages and homes for the elderly are included in the mission's field of activities, along with rural and tribal welfare work.^[3]

The mission has established many renowned educational institutions in India, having its own university, colleges, vocational training centers, high schools and primary schools, teacher's training institutes, as well as schools for the visually handicapped.^[3] It has also been involved in disaster relief operations during famine, epidemic, fire, flood, earthquake, cyclone and communal disturbances.^[3]

The mission played an important role in the installation of photovoltaic (PV) lighting systems in the Sunderbans region of West Bengal. Due to the geographical features of the Sunderbans, it is very difficult to extend the grid network to supply power to its population. The PV lighting was used to provide electricity to the people who were traditionally depending on kerosene and diesel.^[16]

Religious activities

The mission is a non-sectarian organization^[17][18] and ignores caste distinctions.^[19]

Ramakrishna ashrama's religious activities include satsang and arati. Satsang includes communal prayers, songs, rituals, discourses, reading and meditation. Arati involves the ceremonial waving of lights before the images of a deity of holy person and is performed twice in a day.^[20] Ramakrishna ashramas observes major Hindu festivals, including Maha Shivarathri, Rama Navami, Krishna Asthami and Navarathri. They also give special place to the birthdays of Ramakrishna, Sarada Devi, Swami Vivekananda and other monastic disciples of Ramakrishna.^[20] The January 1 is celebrated as Kalpataru day.^[21]

The math and the mission are known for their religious tolerance and respect for other religions. Among the earliest rules laid down by Swami Vivekananda for them was, "Due respect and reverence should be paid to all religions, all preachers, and to the deities worshiped in all religions."^[22] Acceptance and toleration of all religions is the one of ideals of Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Along with the major Hindu festivals, Muhammad's birthday, Christmas Eve and Buddha's Birthday are also devoutly observed.^[20][22][23] Cyril Veliath of Sophia University writes that the Ramakrishna Mission monks are a relatively orthodox set of monks who are "extremely well respected both in India and abroad", and that they "cannot be classified as just another sect or cult, such as the groups led by the gurus". Veliath writes that "of the Hindu groups I have worked with I have found the Ramakrishna Mission to be the most tolerant and amenable to dialogue, and I believe that we Christians couldn’t do better, than to cooperate wholeheartedly in their efforts towards inter-religious harmony.^[8] Bob Robinson writes, "Unlike more militant Hindu organizations, the mission has consistently advocated and itself displayed a tolerant, friendly attitude towards minority religious traditions and a sympathetic acquaintance with at least parts of the scriptures of those faiths."^[24]

Awards and Honorable Mentions

• Bhagwan Mahavir Foundation Award (1996).^[25]
• Dr. Ambedkar National Award (1996).^[25]
• Dr. Bhawar Singh Porte Tribal Service Award (1997–98).^[25]
• In 1998 the Mission was awarded the Indian government's prestigious Gandhi Peace Prize.^[26][27][28]
• Shahid Vir Narayan Singh Award (2001).^[25]
• Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Award (2002).^[25]
• National Communal Harmony Award (2005).^[29]
• The Ramakrishna Mission was selected for an honorary mention of the UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize for Promotion of Tolerance and Non violence 2002.^[30]
• The Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama of Chhattisgarh's Narainpur was jointly selected for the 25th Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration for the year 2009 with musician A.R.Rehman for their services in promoting and preserving national integration.^[31][32]

In a speech made in 1993, Federico Mayor, Director-General of UNESCO, stated:^[33]

I am indeed struck by the similarity of the constitution of the Ramakrishna Mission which Vivekananda established as early as 1897 with that of UNESCO drawn up in 1945. Both place the human being at the center of their efforts aimed at development. Both place tolerance at the top of the agenda for building peace and democracy. Both recognize the variety of human cultures and societies as an essential aspect of the common heritage.

Controversies

In 1980, in an act that caused "considerable debate" within the order, the mission petitioned the courts to have their organization and movement declared a non-Hindu minority religion.^[34] Many generations of monks and others have been of the view that the religion propounded and practiced by Ramakrishna and his disciples is very much different from that practiced by Hindu masses then. They held that the Ramakrishna's "Neo-Vedanta" is a truer version of the ideals of Vedanta. So it was honestly felt that this makes the followers of Ramakrishna eligible for the legal status of "minority". It is possible that the immediate cause for the appeal for minority status was because there was a danger that the local Marxist government would take control of its educational institutions unless it could invoke the extra protection the Indian constitution accords to minority religions. While the Calcutta High Court accepted the mission's pleas, The Supreme Court of India ruled against the mission in 1995.^[35] The mission found it advisable to let the matter rest. Today it remains as a Hindu organization.^[36]

Presidents of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission

The following is the list of Presidents (spiritual heads) of the Monastic Order.

1. Swami Vivekananda (1897-1901) - The First and only General President
2. Swami Brahmananda (1901–1922)
3. Swami Shivananda (1922–1934)
4. Swami Akhandananda (1934–1937)
5. Swami Vijnanananda (1937–1938)
6. Swami Shuddhananda (1938–1938)
7. Swami Virajananda (1938–1951)
8. Swami Shankarananda (1951–1962)
9. Swami Vishuddhananda (1962–1962)
10. Swami Madhavananda (1962–1965)
11. Swami Vireshwarananda (1966–1985)
12. Swami Gambhirananda (1985–1988)
13. Swami Bhuteshananda (1989–1998)
14. Swami Ranganathananda (1998–2005)
15. Swami Gahanananda (2005–2007)
16. Swami Atmasthananda (2007–)

Prominent monks

Apart from Direct disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, some of the other notable monks of the order are

1. Swami Adidevananda
2. Swami Ashokananda
3. Swami Budhananda
4. Swami Nirvedananda^[37]
5. Swami Ghanananda
6. Swami Jagadananda
7. Swami Niranjanananda Junior (Pandalai Maharaj of Haripad)^[38]
8. Swami Sharvananda
9. Swami Chitsukhananda of Haripad^[38]
10. Swami Nikhilananda
11. Swami Nityaswarupananda
12. Swami Paramananda
13. Swami Prabhavananda
14. Swami Premeshananda
15. Swami Purushottamananda
16. Swami Shambhavananda
17. Swami Siddheshwarananda
18. Swami Tapasyananda
19. Swami Yatishwarananda
20. Swami Ranganathananda
21. Swami Lokeshwarananda
22. Swami Gokulananda^[39]
23. Swami Kirtidananda

See also

• Arya Samaj
• Hindu reform movements
• Hindu Renaissance
• List of publications by Ramakrishna Mission
• List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions
• Ramakrishna Sarada Math

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Belur Math (official site)
2. ^ Agarwal, Satya P. (1998). The social role of the Gītā : how and why. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 243. ISBN 9788120815247. OCLC 68037824. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Vrajaprana, Pravrajika (1994). "Editor's note on Introduction". Living Wisdom: Vedanta in the West. Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press. pp. 36–37. OCLC 29465990.  (self published source)
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Carl T. Jackson, "Preface", Vedanta for West pp.xii-xiii
5. ^ ^{a b c} Vrajaprana, Pravrajika (1994). Living wisdom: Vedanta in the West. Vedanta Press. pp. 34–36. ISBN 9780874810554. http://books.google.com/?id=aWDuPEVKdCcC&pg=PA34. 
6. ^ Carl T. Jackson, Vedanta for the West p.16
7. ^ Sharma, Arvind (1988). Neo-Hindu views of Christianity. Brill Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 9789004087910. http://books.google.com/?id=MM4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Veliath, Cyril, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan. "Hinduism In Japan". Inter-Religio (Japan): 21–29. http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/I-R/pdf/45-Veliath.pdf. 
9. ^ Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (2007). Other Asias. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 207. 
10. ^ The social role of the Gita: how and why, p.77, p.80
11. ^ ^{a b} The social role of the Gita: how and why, p.83
12. ^ The social role of the Gita: how and why, pp.8–9
13. ^ The social role of the Gita: how and why, p.ix
14. ^ History of Belur Math
15. ^ Vivekananda, Swami. "Conversations And Dialogues ~ XVI". The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. 7. Advaita Ashrama. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_7/Conversations_And_Dialogues/XVI. 
16. ^ Stone, J.L.; Ullal, H.S.; Chaurey, A.; Bhatia, P. (2000). "Ramakrishna Mission initiative impact study-a rural electrification project in West Bengal, India". Anchorage, AK, USA: IEEE. pp. 1571–1574. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2000.916197. ISBN 0-7803-5772-8. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=916197. 
17. ^ Contributions to Indian sociology (Mouton) 16: 127. 1982. ISSN 0069-9659. 
18. ^ Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2000). Hinduism: a short history. Oneworld. p. 271. 
19. ^ Oxtoby, Willard Gurdon (1996). World religions: Eastern traditions. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 
20. ^ ^{a b c} Prozesky, Martin; John De Gruchy (1995). "Hinduism". Living faiths in South Africa. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 195–196. ISBN 9781850652441. http://books.google.com/?id=b8-glmO65Y0C&pg=PA195. 
21. ^ Balakrishnan, S (Dec 31, 2001). "The spiritual significance". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/31/stories/2001123100080200.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-01. 
22. ^ ^{a b} Jung, Moses; Herbert W. Schnieder. "Hinduism". Relations among Religions today. Brill Publishers. pp. 69–70. http://books.google.com/?id=8BAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69. 
23. ^ Ananda (April 2, 2009). "Service in the name of god in every human". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090402/jsp/calcutta/story_10758025.jsp. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
24. ^ Robinson, Bob (2004). "Ramakrishna and Vivekananda". Christians Meeting Hindus: An Analysis and Theological Critique of the Hindu-Christian Encounter in India. OCMS. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9781870345392. OCLC 55970669. 
25. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Achievements". http://www.rkmanarainpur.org/webin/web/achievements.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-24. ^{[dead link]}
26. ^ Wilcockson, Michael (2003). A Student's Guide to A2 Religious Studies for the OCR Specification. Rhinegold Publishing. pp. 138. 
27. ^ "News and Reports: Ramakrishna Mission Activities during 1998–99". Prabuddha Bharata: or Awakened India: 191. 2000. 
28. ^ "Ramakrishna Mission bags Gandhi prize". Indian Express. Tuesday, September 29, 1998. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980929/27250414.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 
29. ^ "National Communal Harmony Awards 2005 announced". Press Information Bureau Government of India. Thursday, January 26, 2006. http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=15149. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 
30. ^ "Aung Suu Kyi, India's Ramakrishna Mission receive UNESCO awards". AsiaPulse News. 2002-10-07. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/comsite5/bin/aml_landing_tt.pl?purchase_type=ITM&item_id=0286-26168877&action=print&page=aml_article_print. Retrieved 2008-10-25. ^{[dead link]}
31. ^ Award for Rahman, Ramakrishna Mission Ashram The Hindu. Thursday, Oct 07, 2010
32. ^ Indira Gandhi award for Rahman Hindustan Time. 01 Nov 2010
33. ^ "Profiles of famous educators – Swami Vivekananda". Prospects XXXIII (2). June 2003. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf. 
34. ^ Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (2003). Dancing With Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism. Kappa, Hawaii: Himalayan Academy Publications. pp. 686. ISBN 9780945497967. OCLC 55227048. 
35. ^ AIR 1995 SC 2089 = (1995) 4 SCC 646
36. ^ Monks With a Mission Hinduism Today August 1999
37. ^ RKMstudentshome.org
38. ^ ^{a b} http://www.theylivedwithgod.info/nirmalananda/23_the_fire_of_sanyasa.htm
39. ^ Geocities.com

Further reading

• A Compilation: The Story of Ramakrishna Mission. Advaita Ashrama, India.
• A Compilation: Ramakrishna Mission: A Saga of Service. Belur Math, India, May 2010.
• Ram Swarup: Ramakrishna Mission in Search of a New Identity. Voice of India, Delhi 1986.

External links

• Official Website of The Headquarters of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission (Belur Math)
• About Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission