North Staffordshire Railway

North Staffordshire Railway
North Staffordshire Railway
Logo
Locale North Staffordshire
United Kingdom
Dates of operation 1845–1923
Successor London, Midland and Scottish Railway
Track gauge 4 ft 8 12 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge)
Headquarters Stoke-on-Trent
[v · d · e]North Staffordshire Railway (as in 1922)
Continuation backward
 LNWR to Manchester 
Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exCONTl"
 GC/NSR Joint Line to Marple 
 LNWR to Manchester 
Continuation backward Station on track
Macclesfield (Central)
 LNWR to the North West 
Continuation backward Unknown BSicon "KBHFxe" Straight track
Sandbach
 GWR to Wellington 
Unknown BSicon "exCONTg" Station on track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track
Crewe
Market Drayton
Unknown BSicon "exBHF" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track
Sandbach (Wheelock)
Radway Green and Barthomley
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track
Norton-in-Hales
Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track
Hassall Green
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unused urban continuation backward
 L&MVLR to Hulme End 
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "uexvBS2r"
Alsager
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Stop on track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "uexdKHSTre" Unknown BSicon "exdKHSTla"
Waterhouses
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exvBS2+l" Unknown BSicon "ENDEa"
Caldon Low Quarries
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTRlf" Unknown BSicon "eABZlg"
North Rode
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eABZlf" Unknown BSicon "exSTRlg" Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Winkhill Halt
Pipe Gate
Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track
Lawton
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Station on track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track
Congleton
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track
Bosley
Rushton
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Track turning from left Unknown BSicon "xABZrf" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Ipstones
Madeley Road
Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "xABZfg" Transverse track Unknown BSicon "xABZlg" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track
Mow Cop and Scholar Green
Biddulph
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "vSTRrg" Unknown BSicon "xABZrf" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track
Rudyard Lake
Harecastle
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "vBHF" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track
Rudyard (Horton)
Leek
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "vSTRe" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exBHF" Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Bradnop
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "xABZgxl+l" Track turning right
Kidsgrove
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Leek Brook
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Junction to left Track turning from right
Newchapel and Goldenhill
Pitts Hill
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Straight track
Wall Grange
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Straight track
Endon
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Straight track
Stockton Brook
Alsager Road
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Chatterley
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrg" Unknown BSicon "eABZrf" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Straight track
Milton
Audley
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Tunstall
Chesterton Goods
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Unknown BSicon "exKHSTe" + Unknown BSicon "exBST legende"
Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exABZrf" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Pinnox branch (freight only)
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Stop on track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Longport
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Burslem
Halmerend
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Cobridge
Leycett
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Waterloo Road
Hanley
Unknown BSicon "exSTRlf" Unknown BSicon "exABZgr+r" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Straight track
Black Bull
Keele
Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Silverdale
Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST" Straight track Straight track
Ford Green
Apedale
Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exENDEa" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Unknown BSicon "exSTRrg" Unknown BSicon "exABZgr+l" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Pool Dam
Unknown BSicon "exENDEe" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Straight track
Newcastle
Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "xABZrg" Track turning right Straight track
Etruria
Unknown BSicon "xABZrg" Transverse track Track turning right Unknown BSicon "eHST" Track turning from left Track turning right
Bucknall and Northwood
Stoke-on-Trent
Station on track Straight track Straight track
Fenton Manor
Junction to left Unknown BSicon "ABZ3lg" Unknown BSicon "eHSTq" Unknown BSicon "eABZ3lg" Track turning right Stop on track Steam train
Cheddleton
Fenton
Unknown BSicon "evSTRa" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Stop on track Steam train
Consall
Trentham
Unknown BSicon "vxBHF-eBHF" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Straight track Unused urban continuation backward
Caldon Low Tramway
Adderley Green Colliery
Unknown BSicon "exSTRrg" Unknown BSicon "evSTRgr" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exENDEe" Steam train
Unknown BSicon "emABZrg" + Stop
Unused waterway turning right
Kingsley and Froghall
Trentham Park
Unknown BSicon "exKHSTe" Straight track Station on track Unknown BSicon "exSTRrg" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf"
Longton
Barlaston and Tittensor
Stop on track Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Oakamoor
Hulme Colliery
Unknown BSicon "vSTRa" Straight track Unknown BSicon "exENDEa" Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Alton
Stone
Unknown BSicon "vHST" Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Normacot
Track turning from left Unknown BSicon "vSTRrf" Unknown BSicon "eABZlf" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf" Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Denstone Crossing
Norton Bridge
Station on track Straight track Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Meir
 LNWR to Stafford 
Continuation forward Straight track Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exCONTg"
 LNWR to Buxton 
Straight track Straight track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Ashbourne
Aston-by-Stone
Unknown BSicon "eHST" Stop on track Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Blythe Bridge
Sandon
Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "xvSTRa" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Clifton Mayfield
Weston and Ingestre
Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "veBHF-xBHF" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Cresswell
Straight track Unknown BSicon "evSTRgl" Unknown BSicon "exSTRlg" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Norbury and Ellaston
Leigh
Straight track Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "exSTR" Unknown BSicon "exABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf"
Tean
Straight track Straight track Unknown BSicon "exHST" Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Rocester
Cheadle
Straight track Straight track Unknown BSicon "exKHSTe" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
 GNR to Stafford 
Unknown BSicon "exCONTr" Unknown BSicon "eKRZu" Unknown BSicon "eABZlg" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Straight track Unknown BSicon "xvSTRa" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Uttoxeter
Straight track Unknown BSicon "vBHF-xBHF" Unknown BSicon "exSTR"
Straight track Unknown BSicon "evSTRgl" Unknown BSicon "exABZq+l" Unknown BSicon "exSTRq" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf"
Hixon
Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "eABZrg" Unknown BSicon "exSTRrf"
Great Haywood
Unknown BSicon "eHST" Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Marchington
 LNWR to Stafford 
Continuation to left Junction from right Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Sudbury
Colwich
Unknown BSicon "eBHF" Unknown BSicon "eHST"
Scropton
 LNWR to Birmingham 
Continuation forward Stop on track
Tutbury
Straight track Unknown BSicon "exCONTg"
 GNR to Derby Friargate 
Egginton Junction
Unknown BSicon "xABZgl+xl" Unknown BSicon "eHSTq" Unknown BSicon "eABZ3rf" Continuation to right
 MR to Derby 
Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Rolleston-on-Dove
Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Stretton and Claymills
Unknown BSicon "exHST"
Horninglow
Unknown BSicon "xABZrg" Continuation to right
 MR to Derby 
Burton-on-Trent
Station on track
Junction both to and from left Continuation to right
 MR to Leicester 
 MR to Tamworth 
Unknown BSicon "CONTd"

The North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) was a British railway company formed in 1845 to promote a number of lines in the Staffordshire Potteries and surrounding areas in Staffordshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire and Shropshire.

The company was based in Stoke-on-Trent and was nicknamed The Knotty; its lines were built to the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 12 in (1,435 mm). The main routes were constructed between 1846 and 1852 and ran from Macclesfield to Norton Bridge, just north of Stafford, and from Crewe to Egginton Junction, west of Derby. Within these main connections with other railway companies, most notably the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), the company operated a network of smaller lines although the total route mileage of the company never exceeded 221 miles (355.7 km). The majority of the passenger traffic was local although a number of LNWR services from Manchester to London were operated via Stoke. Freight traffic was mostly coal and other minerals but the line also carried the vast majority of china and other pottery goods manufactured in England.

As the NSR was surrounded by other larger railway companies, there were in the 19th century several attempts emanating from other companies or proposals from NSR shareholders to amalgamate with one or more of the other companies that adjoined it. None of these came to fruition and the NSR remained an independent company up to 1923 when it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company.

Contents

Before the railway

The area of north Staffordshire known today as the City of Stoke-on-Trent was already a thriving industrial area before the arrival of the railways.[1] The establishment of the pottery industry and the development of coal and ironstone mines in the 18th century had provided a need for materials, most noticeably clay, to be brought into the area. A corresponding need also arose for the resulting fragile goods i.e. pottery to be taken away from the area. This need had given rise in the mid to late 18th century of the construction of the Trent & Mersey Canal (T&M) and its various branches. Opened in 1777[2] it was a spectacular success and paid dividends reaching 75% in 1822.[2] By 1845 this had fallen to a still impressive 30%[2] despite the onset of railway development in the North West of England. In 1836 the canal carried 184,500 long tons (187,461 t; 206,640 ST) of goods away and brought in 143,610 long tons (145,914 t; 160,843 ST).[3]

It was the Trent & Mersey Canal company that built the first railway in north Staffordshire when in 1776[4] it was granted powers to build a railway, or plateway, from Caldon Low limestone quarries to the canal basin at Froghall in the Churnet Valley.

Formation of the company

The Railway Mania of 1845 found the Potteries still without a railway, although the surrounding towns of Stafford, Crewe, Derby and Macclesfield were all connected to the fledgling railway system. The Staffordshire Potteries Railway promoted a route from Macclesfield to the Grand Junction Railway mainline at Norton Bridge plus a spur to Crewe.[5] At the same time the Churnet Valley Railway promoted a line from Macclesfield to Derby with a branch to Stoke.[5] After these two companies applied for the necessary powers to build the lines, Parliament suggested a pause of a year "to afford time for consideration and for maturing some more complete scheme for the accommodation of that important district".[6]

The two companies decided to join forces to make a new approach to Parliament. They also incorporated in the scheme a proposal to join the Trent Valley Railway into the Potteries. To do this they promoted the North Staffordshire or Churnet Valley and Trent Junction Railway.[6] This prospective company issued its prospectus on 30 April 1845 from offices at 1 Old Palace Yard, Westminster, London.[6] There was to be a share capital of £2,350,000 (£189 million as of 2011).[7] in £20 shares (117,500 shares).[6]

The prospectus outlined the NSR's plans for two main lines. The Pottery Line running from a junction with the Manchester & Birmingham railway at Congleton to the Grand Junction Railway at Colwich was promoted, as 'giving the most ample accommodation to the towns of Tunstall, Burslem, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton, Longton and Stone'. The Churnet Line was to run from Macclesfield though Leek, Cheadle and Uttoxeter to join the Midland Railway line between Burton-upon-Trent and Derby forming a direct link between Manchester and Derby.[6]

The company was formally incorporated in April 1845 under the shorter name of the North Staffordshire Railway.[8] As a way of eliminating opposition to the Company's Bills in Parliament, and to allow it to promote a line to Liverpool, the company made an agreement to take over the Trent & Mersey Canal Company. This was achieved by T&M shares being swapped for preference shares in the NSR.[8] These preference shares paid a guaranteed annual dividend of 5% once the entire railway was open.[8] The total purchase cost of the T&M to the NSR £1,170,000.[9]

On 25 November 1845 the Derby and Crewe Railway was absorbed into the NSR Scheme. This was a line that was being supported by the Grand Junction Railway (GJR) running between Derby and Crewe via Uttoxeter and Stoke. It was to eliminate the opposition of the Grand Junction company to the other NSR proposals that the NSR agreed to absorb the Derby and Crewe. However part of the deal was that the proposed line from Harecastle to Liverpool was abandoned. Despite having arranged to purchase the T&M canal for a considerable sum, to obtain support for the Liverpool extension the NSR agreed to the GJR demand. All that survived of the NSR Liverpool plan was the short branch to Sandbach from Harecastle.[10]

Parliamentary approval and construction

On 26 June 1846, the three NSR acts were passed with the total of £2,900,000[11] in share capital being shared amongst the three lines, with seven years allowed for the completion of each line. The North Staffordshire Railway (Pottery Line) Act[12] provided for the construction of the line from Macclesfield to Colwich with branches to Norton Bridge, Newcastle, Silverdale and Crewe. This act also vested the Trent & Mersey Canal in the NSR. Allocated capital for this work was £1,500,000. The second act, the North Staffordshire Railway (Harecastle and Sandbach) Act[13] provided for the construction of the line from Harecastle to Sandbach, allocated capital for these works was £200,000. Finally the North Staffordshire Railway (Churnet Valley Line) Act[14] authorised the construction of the line from North Rode to Burton, a branch from Tutbury to Willington Junction near Derby, and the line between Uttoxeter and Stoke; £1,200,000 of capital was allocated to this.

To start the construction work, there was an official 'cutting of the first sod' ceremony. This took place in September 1846[15] The site chosen for the ceremony was a field in Etruria. A roped off enclosure for directors was created and the remainder of the field was reserved for invited guests. A mile long procession headed by John Lewis Ricardo, Member of Parliament for Stoke on Trent and chairman of the NSR Company, formed. On Ricardo's arrival, the crowds broke through the roped off area and Ricardo was pushed and shoved. During the actual cutting he buckled the silver spade and had difficulty removing the sod. Finally, his hat blew away.[16]

Cutting of the first sod at Etruria

Construction work went ahead under the supervision of the Consulting Engineer, George Parker Bidder. By February 1847 there were 1,318 men and 60 horses working between Macclesfield and Colwich and they had removed 80,000 cubic yards (61,000 m3) of earth, driven 843 yards (771 m) of tunnel heading and erected 12,000 yards (10,973 m) yards of fencing.[17]

On 2 July 1847 the North Staffordshire Railway Act[18] was passed. The act was necessary was because of problems encountered with the construction of the Crewe branch. The opportunity was taken to authorise several other deviations and small branches. It also consolidated the previous acts and importantly, forced the NSR to ensure that all lines were completed by specifying that ordinary dividends were not to exceed 5% until the Churnet Valley and Willington lines had been opened.[19]

Work continued apace and by 3 April 1848 the first freight trains were run.[20] Passenger services started on 17 April 1848 and the first passenger train left the temporary station at Wheildon Road, Stoke, hauled by locomotive No. 1 Dragon, heading for a temporary station at Norton Bridge on the London and North Western Railway (LNWR).[15] The opening of the line gave the Potteries a railway link with Birmingham and London which made it an instant success with the public. Profits for the first two months were £1,668 'exceeding expectations'.[21]

The remaining lines under the original Acts were opened in stages but all were completed and open by the end of 1852 when the Stoke to Newcastle and Newcastle to Knutton sections opened.[22] A few months after the opening of the first line, the imposing permanent station in Winton Square, Stoke was opened on 9 October 1848. Stoke station then became the headquarters of the NSR.[23]

Later lines

Later branches constructed in the nineteenth century included lines from Stoke-on-Trent to Congleton via Smallthorne and Biddulph; Stoke-on-Trent to Leek; Newcastle to Silverdale, Keele and Market Drayton (junction with the Great Western Railway); Alsager to Audley, Leycett and Keele, and Rocester to Ashbourne.[24]

Also opened in the nineteenth century was the only NSR line to achieve any degree of fame, the Potteries Loop Line from Etruria via Hanley, Cobridge, Burslem, Tunstall, Pitts Hill, Newchapel and Goldenhill to Kidsgrove Liverpool Rd. Authorised in stages in 1864–5, it opened to traffic in 1873.[24] Its fame came from several mentions and a description of a journey on a Burslem to Hanley train in Arnold Bennett's The Old Wives' Tale.[25]

Twentieth century construction included a branch from Leek to Cauldon Lowe via Waterhouses[26] from where the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway (L&MV) was constructed through the Hamps and Manifold river valleys to Hulme End near Hartington. Although the L&MV was nominally independent the NSR both worked and operated the line.[27]

Finally in 1910, a very short line was built from Stoke-on-Trent to Trentham Park. It was authorised as part of an alternative line to Newcastle-under-Lyme but construction work beyond Trentham was quickly abandoned owing to rising costs.[28] The same act of parliament also transferred the Cheadle Railway to the NSR.[29] The Cheadle Railway was a small local company constructed with NSR's backing, built at great cost over a period of twelve years. It was a short line from Cresswell to Cheadle, this line, only four miles long, included a very difficult tunnel. The line was opened from Cresswell to Totmonslow 7 November 1892 and to Cheadle, 1 January 1901.[30]

A full list of authorisation and opening dates for sections of the NSR is given below.

Macclesfield, Bollington and Marple Railway

The Macclesfield, Bollington and Marple Railway (MB&M) was a joint line which the NSR participated in.[31] A short line of just under 11 miles (18 km)[32] it was opened with the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&L) in 1869 to give the NSR to Manchester independently of the LNWR. As relationships between the NSR and the LNWR grew better the reason for the line lessened as the MB&M route to Manchester was 5 miles longer than the LNWR route.[33] Both passenger and freight traffic was handled by the MS&L (or as it later became the Great Central Railway) with the buildings maintained by the NSR.[33]

Running powers with other companies

As a company with only a small route mileage the NSR made extensive use of running powers and in exchange granted running powers to other companies.[34]

The earliest agreements were reached with the LNWR. In 1849 an agreement was reached where LNWR traffic could work over the NSR system but in exchange a certain amount of the LNWR London trains had to be routed via Stoke.[35] These Manchester to London Euston restaurant car expresses were unique in often being hauled by NSR tank engines from Manchester to Stoke-on-Trent where the LNWR express engines took over for the run via Stone, Sandon, Colwich, and the main line to London Euston. The NSR received a payment for every through passenger on these trains and employed a small army of ticket inspectors to examine and clip (with its distinctive 'P' clip) every ticket during the Stoke-on-Trent station stop.[36] The agreement did give the NSR access to destinations such as Llandudno, Manchester, Stafford, Wolverhampton and Buxton. NSR goods trains were able to run to places such as Liverpool and Rugby.[34] The LNWR also used running rights over the Uttoxeter–Ashbourne line to run through coaches from Buxton to London via Nuneaton.[37] As well as the running power agreements with the LNWR there was a very short joint line of 32 chains (644 m) at Middlewood and three jointly owned stations; Ashbourne, Colwich and Macclesfield Goods.[32]

Equally important in terms of traffic but not as extensive in terms of route were the running power agreements with the Midland Railway (MR). For the NSR passenger traffic into Derby and Burton was authorised and good traffic as far afield as Wellingborough.[34] The arrangements with these two companies allowed the NSR to run its longest passenger service, between Derby and Llandudno. These trains only ran 44.5 miles (71.6 km) on NSR rails, with 6.5 miles (10.5 km) over MR but with the majority, 67.5 miles (108.6 km) over the LNWR.[34]

In 1867, an independent local company built the Stafford and Uttoxeter Railway, later incorporated into the Great Northern Railway (GNR). The GNR built its GNR Derbyshire and Staffordshire Extension from Nottingham and Derby Friargate via Mickleover to Egginton Junction with running powers over the NSR from Etwall, through Uttoxeter, to Bromshall Junction. The GNR granted the NSR running rights to Nottingham, Colwick, Leicester and Peterborough.[34] Apart from excursion trains to Nottingham and goods trains to Colwick, the NSR did not take advantage of these powers.[34]

Although the NSR had joint ownership of the MB&M with the MS&L the NSR did not have running powers over the rest of the MS&L and was content to let the MS&L handle all traffic north of Middlewood.[38] Finally with both the NSR and the Great Western Railway (GWR) expanding into Shropshire running rights were agreed for NSR trains to run to Hodnet and Wellington and in return GWR goods trains could run to Stoke.[34]

Amalgamation proposals and financial strength

There were several proposals made either to the NSR or by it, to merge or lease or sell the company to other railway companies. The first was in 1849 when the LNWR, using its financial strength, made suggestions about a merger. To avoid this the NSR had to agree to the running powers outlined above.[35] A further attempt in 1851 got as far as a parliamentary bill being submitted for amalgamation until the select committee appointed to look at the bill reported against the idea.[39] The LNWR made a further attempt in 1855 which failed because of concerted opposition by the MR, MS&L and GWR.[39] Less than twenty years later, in 1870, these four companies all combined to look at taking over the NSR following a decision by the NSR board to sell or lease the company. The four rival companies were unable to agree on who would take what share of the NSR and the proposal floundered.[40]

In 1875 the MS&L proposed an amalgamation which initially found favour with the NSR board and shareholders but eventually fell through when the MS&L finances were investigated[40] and it was found that the MS&L was no stronger financially than the NSR. Only two years later some NSR shareholders proposed a merger with the MR,[40] the board dismissed the proposal with the chairman reminding shareholders that

The NSR had a small mileage and had to collect traffic for the large companies which surrounded it. They made profits from good mileages while the NSR had to do a great deal for comparatively little return.[40]

The quote about little return was accurate. In 1877 the NSR dividend was only 2% compared with the dividend of 6% paid by the LNWR to its shareholders.[40] A year later the dividend fell to its lowest ever point of only 1⅝%.[41] However it recovered and after 1881 never fell below 3%.[41] In 1891 the NSR paid a 5% dividend for the first time, a level not to be reached again until 1913.[42]

In 1913 the NSR ranked as the eighteenth largest company by route mileage with 216 miles (348 km).[43] Passenger numbers stood at 7,200,000[44] and goods traffic handled by the NSR consisted of 1,750,000 long tons (1,778,082 t) of goods, nearly 4,000,000 long tons (4,064,188 t) of coal and coke and over 2,000,000 long tons (2,032,094 t) of other minerals.[45] Among the 1,750,000 long tons (1,778,082 t) of goods was 150,000 long tons (152,407 t) of pottery, over five-sixths of the entire production in Britain.[45]

Grouping

Under the Railways Act 1921, the NSR was one of the eight major companies designated to form the North Western, Midland and West Scottish Group.[46] This group became the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). The act came into force on 1 January 1923 but along with the Caledonian Railway, the NSR amalgamation into the LMS was delayed until 1 July 1923 due to certain legal requirements not being completed by the due date.[47]

Other interests

In common with most other British railway companies, the NSR decided early on that it was advantageous to carry out its own maintenance work in all departments and also to undertake much of its own new construction work. Stoke railway works were opened in 1849,[48] capable of producing carriages, wagons and other equipment. Construction of locomotives followed later, commencing in 1864.[49]

Ownership of the Trent & Mersey canal made the NSR the biggest canal owning railway[50] with 130 miles (209 km) of waterways owned. The T&M owned Rudyard Lake which the NSR made use of as a leisure complex, building a golf course, in 1905, on land adjoining the lake.[9] A further area of interest, again via ownership of the T&M, was the lease on Caldon Low quarries.[9] Associated with the quarry was the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) tramway that ran from the quarries to Froghall making the NSR the operator of lines of three different gauges.

Bucknall & Northwood Station in 1962

Although the NSR principally served the urban areas of the Potteries, it did promote the area for tourism, especially the Churnet Valley which local hoteliers had labelled as "Staffordshire's little Switzerland".[51] The company issued a 150 page guide called Picturesque Staffordshire to support this promotion and dispel the widespread held idea that the county was dull and bleak[52] In addition to the tourist traffic generated the NSR owned three hotels; the North Stafford in Stoke (opposite Stoke station), the Churnet Valley in Leek and the Hotel Rudyard at Rudyard.[53]

Officers of the company

[54]

Name Period of tenure
Chairmen
John Lewis Ricardo 1845–1855
Thomas Broderick 1855
John Lewis Ricardo 1855–1862
Thomas Broderick 1862–1865
Charles Pearson 1865–1874
Colin Minton Campbell 1874–1883
Sir Thomas Salt 1883–1904
Tonman Mosley (later Lord Anslow) 1904–1923
General managers
Samuel Bidder 1847–1853
James Forsyth 1853–1863
Percy Morris 1863–1876
Martin Smith 1876–1882
William Phillipps 1882–1919
F A Lowry Barnwell 1919–1923
Resident Engineers
Samuel Bidder 1845–1848
James Forsyth 1848–1865
James Johnson 1865–1870
Thomas Dodds 1870–1874
Locomotive superintendents
Thomas Angus 1874–1875
Charles Clare 1875–1882
Luke Longbottom 1882–1902
John Adams 1902–1915
John Hookham 1915–1923

Motive power and rolling stock

Locomotives

NSR motive power came from a mixture of sources. Before the establishment of Stoke works there was a complete reliance on outside contractors. The first locomotives were either purchased from contractors building the line[55] or firms such as Sharp Brothers and Company, Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson, the Vulcan Foundry or Jones and Potts.[56]

Originally the resident engineers were responsible for the locomotive stock and the first four holders of this post were all primarily civil engineers.[57] In 1863 the new general manager, Morris, commissioned an outside report on the NSR locomotive fleet which recommended the rebuilding of 50 engines.[55] By the time this report was produced a new engineer, Johnson, had been appointed. He undertook the improvements but the results were unsatisfactory and Johnson left in 1870 after only five years in post.[55] The only significant event of Johnson's tenure was the building of the first engines at Stoke works when three 0-6-0T[58] engines were built in 1868.[56] Johnson's successor, Dodds, fared no better as his patented wedge motion, a type of valve gear, was unsuccessful. Dodds was dismissed in 1875 and a new post of locomotive superintendent created with a locomotive engineer, Angus, in charge.[49] Although only in post for two years Angus replaced all the wedge motions with Stephenson valve gear.[49]

There followed a long period of locomotive construction internally with all locomotives between 1875 and 1900 coming from the company works.[59] The vast majority of these being tank engines although a small number of tender engines were constructed.[59] Most engines, whether tank or tender locomotives were built with either 2-4-0 or 0-6-0 wheel arrangements.[59] An urgent need for heavier goods engines prompted the company to go to contractors and a small number of 0-6-0 designs were purchased from Nasmyth, Wilson and Company.[60] In 1903 five 0-6-2T engines were purchased from Vulcan Foundry[61] and with the exception of two locomotives for shunting purchased from Kerr Stuart in 1919 these were the last engines not to be built by the company at Stoke.[62]

Apart from engine No 1 of 1848 being named Dragon only two other NSR engines were ever named, in 1882 Class C 2-4-0 No. 55 was named Colin Minton Campbell and Class C No. 54 John Bramley Moore after the chairman and deputy chairman of the company, respectively.[63]

The NSR also used a small number of railmotors with three being purchased in 1905 from Beyer, Peacock and Company.[64] They were used on routes such as the Stoke–Newcastle service but were not a success. The vehicles did survive until grouping but had been taken out of service for some time some years earlier.[64] In addition to the NSR locomotives were the two engines of the Leek & Manifold and the three engines that worked the Caldon Low quarries. The former were purchased from Kitson and Company and the latter from Henry Hughes and W. G. Bagnall.[65]

At grouping 196 steam locomotives[66][67] were absorbed into the LMS along with the three railmotors and one battery electric locomotive. This last engine was built at Stoke in 1917 for shunting the copper works at Oakamoor.[62] Four engines under construction at Stoke in 1923 were completed and also added to the LMS stock.[68] Although many of the locomotives were not old, due to the LMS policy of standardisation all NSR engines had been withdrawn from service by 1939.[67] The one exception was the battery electric shunting locomotive which remained in service until 1963.[62]

Two NSR locomotives are preserved. NSR No. 2, an 0-6-2T L class (one of the four constructed in 1923) and the battery electric locomotive. Both form part of the national collection at the National Railway Museum.[69]

Locomotive depots

The largest locomotive depot was at Stoke, with 125 engines at grouping.[70] The next largest was Alsager with an allocation of 15 engines. Other NSR depots existed at Macclesfield, Derby, Uttoxeter, Burton and Crewe.[70] Stoke also had sub-sheds at Market Drayton, Leekbrook and Ashbourne.[70] NSR engines were also sub-shedded at other companies depots, with arrangements existing at the LNWR sheds at Stafford, Liverpool Edge Hill and Manchester Longsight and the GNR shed at Nottingham Colwick.[70]

Locomotive liveries

Up to 1882 locomotives were a bright green with black and white lining with a Staffordshire knot emblem on the tank or tender sides.[63] Longbottom introduced a new livery of a red brown with black, yellow and vermilion lining.[63] Longbottom was succeeded by Adams who changed the livery once more to a crimson shade called Madder Lake[71] with yellow and vermilion lining. The knot emblem was replaced by the company coat of arms and the words North Stafford.[61]

Coaching stock

The NSR coaching stock was, even until grouping, predominantly four and six wheeled vehicles.[72] Four wheeled carriages were the norm from the start and the last were constructed in the 1880s,[73] although by then they had progressed from the unbraked coaches of the 1840s with the introduction of the communication cord in 1869[73] and the simple vacuum brake in 1883.[74] The first bogie coaches were introduced in 1906[75] for use on the Derby–Llandudno service[72] and these were followed by further examples until 1923. By 1919 all carriages, except 13 four wheelers used on miners trains, had been fitted with steam heating[76] and a number of vehicles had been fitted with through pipes to allow use in trains equipped with Westinghouse brakes.[76] Most carriages were constructed at Stoke but some were purchased from companies such as the Metropolitan Carriage, Wagon and Finance Company.[76]

One area were the NSR was a pioneer was in the use of electrical lighting being the largest of only three British railway companies[77] to switch from oil to electric lighting and not use any form of gas lighting.[78] The first coach was fitted in 1897 and new stock constructed from 1899 had electric lighting as standard.[78] Conversion of the remaining stock was slow and in 1910 there were still some oil lit carriages in service.[72]

Coaching liveries

Coaching stock was originally claret[79] but in 1875 was changed to Victoria Brown and white (except for branch line trains which carried an all over Victoria Brown livery) with gold and blue lining. Victoria Brown was the same red brown colour as Longbottom had introduced for NSR locomotives.[79] In 1882 waist panels were additionally painted white.[79] This colour scheme lasted until 1896 when it was changed to an overall Victoria Lake (brown) colour with gold and blue lining.[79] Adams changed the livery to Madder Lake in 1903 to match the locomotives, the lining became yellow and red.[79] A final minor change was to paint the waist panels of first class compartments cream to distinguish them.[80] A constant presence was the company coat of arms being displayed on the coach sides.[79]

Goods stock

Over its life the NSR built or bought many thousands of goods wagons.[80] Early wagons had dumb buffers with spring buffers being introduced from 1870.[80] Early wagons were not of high capacity e.g. typical open wagons were only of 4 long tons (4.1 t) capacity.[80] but capacities grew to 10 long tons (10 t) on average by 1923.[80]

The NSR handed over to the LMS 6,612 goods wagons of which over 5,000 were open wagons for the transport of coal and other minerals.[72] This number was dwarfed by the number of wagons owned by the pits, ironworks, other industrial operations and traders in the Stoke area.[72] An unusual set of wagons to be seen were the bright yellow with red lettering vans owned by the Barnum and Bailey circus who had their main English depot in Stoke.[48]

Goods liveries

Goods vehicles were painted red oxide with white lettering and a white Staffordshire knot.[81] The letters N.S.R with only two full stops were carried in small letters.[81] From 1912 the letters were increased in size but changed to just N S with a central knot and no full stops.[81]

The Knotty

The NSR is one of the few railways to become the subject of a play. In 1966, Peter Cheeseman, artistic director of The Victoria Theatre, Stoke wrote a musical documentary about the NSR called The Knotty. Featured in the play were the voices of several NSR staff who had been interviewed especially for the play.[82]

NSR main lines and branch lines—opening dates

Ricardo, North Staffordshire Railway chairman described the network as being like "a small octopus";[35] but not one NSR station was more than 30 miles (48 km) from Stoke-on-Trent.[83] Dates of authorisation and opening are given in the following table.[24]

Section of Line Date Construction

Authorised

Passenger

Service Started

Goods

Service Started

Stoke-on-Trent – Norton Bridge 26 June 1846 17 April 1848 3 April 1848
Stoke-on-Trent – Uttoxeter 26 June 1846 7 August 1848 7 August 1848
Uttoxeter – Burton-on-Trent 26 June 1846 11 September 1848 11 September 1848
Stoke-on-Trent – Crewe and Congleton 26 June 1846 9 October 1848 9 October 1848
Stone–Colwich 26 June 1846 1 May 1849 1 May 1849
Congleton–Macclesfield 26 June 1846 18 June 1849 18 June 1849
Churnet Valley Line 26 June 1846 13 July 1849 13 July 1849
Tutbury–Derby 26 June 1846 13 July 1849 13 July 1849
Harecastle–Sandbach 26 June 1846 3 July 1893 21 January 1852
Stoke-on-Trent – Newcastle-under-Lyme 26 June 1846 6 September 1852 6 September 1852
Newcastle-under-Lyme – Knutton 2 July 1847 May 1863 6 September 1852
Knutton–Silverdale 13 August 1859 May 1863 1850[84]
Silverdale – Market Drayton 29 July 1864 1 February 1870 1 February 1870
Etruria–Shelton 2 July 1847 January 1862 1850
Shelton–Hanley 13 August 1859 13 July 1864 20 December 1861
Hanley–Burslem 5 July 1865 1 November 1873 1 November 1873
Burslem–Tunstall 5 July 1865 1 December 1873 1 December 1873
Tunstall–Goldenhill 5 July 1865 1 October 1874 1 October 1874
Goldenhill–Kidsgrove 5 July 1865 15 November 1875 15 November 1875
Rocester–Ashbourne 22 July 1848 31 May 1852 31 May 1852
Biddulph Valley Line 24 July 1854 1 June 1864 28 August 1860
Milton–Leekbrook 13 July 1863 1 November 1867 1 November 1867
Audley Line 29 July 1864 28 June 1880 24 July 1870
Cresswell–Tean 7 August 1888 7 November 1892 7 November 1892
Tean–Cheadle 7 August 1888 1 January 1901 1 January 1901
Waterhouses – Hulme End (L&MV Light Railway) 6 March 1899 27 June 1904 29 June 1904
Leekbrook–Ipstones 6 March 1899 5 June 1905 5 June 1905
Ipstones–Waterhouses 6 March 1899 1 July 1905 1 July 1905
Trentham Park Branch 21 August 1907 1 April 1910 1 April 1910

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 17.
  2. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 18.
  3. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 19.
  4. ^ Jeuda: The Churnet Valley p. 8.
  5. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 24.
  6. ^ a b c d e Christiansen & Miller p. 25.
  7. ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
  8. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 26.
  9. ^ a b c Jeuda: The Knotty p. 7.
  10. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 28.
  11. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 29.
  12. ^ "North Staffordshire Railway (Pottery Line) Act 1846". Acts of the Parliaments of the United Kingdom 1846 (c.lxxxv). 26 June 1846. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/chron-tables/local/chron033. Retrieved 25 April 2009 
  13. ^ "North Staffordshire Railway (Harecastle and Sandbach) Act 1846". Acts of the Parliaments of the United Kingdom 1846 (c.lxxxiv). 26 June 1846. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/chron-tables/local/chron033. Retrieved 25 April 2009 
  14. ^ "North Staffordshire Railway (Churnet Valley) Act 1846". Acts of the Parliaments of the United Kingdom 1846 (c.lxxxvi). 26 June 1846. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/chron-tables/local/chron033. Retrieved 25 April 2009 
  15. ^ a b Christiansen p. 12.
  16. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 37.
  17. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 40.
  18. ^ "North Staffordshire Railway Act 1847". Acts of the Parliaments of the United Kingdom 1847 (c.cviii). 2 July 1847. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/chron-tables/local/chron036. Retrieved 25 April 2009 
  19. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 42.
  20. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 44.
  21. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 45.
  22. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 49.
  23. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 102.
  24. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller pp. 299–301.
  25. ^ Christiansen & Miller pp. 292–293.
  26. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 118.
  27. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 120.
  28. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 115.
  29. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 114.
  30. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 82.
  31. ^ Christiansen p. 49.
  32. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 303.
  33. ^ a b Christiansen p. 51.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Christiansen & Miller p. 209.
  35. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 58.
  36. ^ Walley
  37. ^ Christiansen p. 34.
  38. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 211.
  39. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 60.
  40. ^ a b c d e Christiansen p. 62.
  41. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 97.
  42. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 128.
  43. ^ Jenkinson p. 86.
  44. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 159.
  45. ^ a b Christiansen p. 76.
  46. ^ "Railways Act 1921". Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament 1921 (55): pp. schedule 1. 19 August 1921. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1921/cukpga_19210055_en_1. Retrieved 28 April 2009 
  47. ^ Nock p. 14.
  48. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 251.
  49. ^ a b c Christiansen p. 79.
  50. ^ Simmons (ed) p. 353.
  51. ^ Kelly's directory of Staffordshire. London: Kelly & Co. 1896. p. 53. 
  52. ^ Christiansen p. 9.
  53. ^ Dow p. 6.
  54. ^ This section is compiled from "A Chronology of the North Staffordshire Railway". The North Staffordshire Railway Study Group. http://www.lnw1.demon.co.uk/chronology.htm. Retrieved 12 May 2009. 
  55. ^ a b c Christiansen p. 78.
  56. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 309.
  57. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 214.
  58. ^ Whyte notation
  59. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller pp. 311–313.
  60. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 225.
  61. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 227.
  62. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 233.
  63. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 222.
  64. ^ a b Christiansen p. 83.
  65. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 315.
  66. ^ the total includes the L&MV and Caldon Low engines
  67. ^ a b Essery & Jenkinson pp. 77–79.
  68. ^ Rowledge p. 29.
  69. ^ "NRM Collections: Locomotives". York: National Railway Museum. 2009. http://www.nrm.org.uk/OurCollection/LocomotivesAndRollingStock.aspx. Retrieved 13 May 2009. 
  70. ^ a b c d Christiansen & Miller p. 236.
  71. ^ Although called Madder Lake, the pigment was not made from the Madder plant but from Cochineal. Christiansen & Miller p. 227.
  72. ^ a b c d e Christiansen p. 88.
  73. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 238.
  74. ^ Christiansen p. 87.
  75. ^ Christiansen & Miller p. 242.
  76. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 244.
  77. ^ The others were the London, Tilbury & Southend and the Great North of Scotland.
  78. ^ a b Christiansen & Miller p. 241.
  79. ^ a b c d e f Christiansen & Miller p. 245.
  80. ^ a b c d e Christiansen & Miller p. 246.
  81. ^ a b c Christiansen & Miller p. 250.
  82. ^ "Memories of The Knotty". Staffordshire Evening Sentinel. 8 November 2008. http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/nostalgia/Memoryarticle-459025-details/article.html. Retrieved 28 April 2009. 
  83. ^ Dow p. 105.
  84. ^ Goods traffic between Knutton and Silverdale started in 1850, even though it was not authorised until nine years later. Ralph Sneyd owned collieries and ironworks in the Silverdale area. In 1849 Sneyd began construction of his own private goods line which was about 2 miles (3.2 km) long - this was not authorised by parliament. When the NSR came to build its lines in this area they took a 999 year lease of Mr Sneyd’s private line and incorporated it into its own network. Parliamentary authorisation for the line was granted retrospectively by Mr Sneyd's Railway Act 1861"Mr. Sneyd's Railway 1861". Acts of the Parliaments of the United Kingdom 1861 (c.lxxi). http://www.opsi.gov.uk/chron-tables/local/chron050. Retrieved 28 April 2009 

References

  • Christiansen, Rex; Miller, Robert William (1971). The North Staffordshire Railway. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN 0 7153 5121 4. 
  • Christiansen, Rex (1997). Portrait of the North Staffordshire Railway. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 0 7110 2546 0. 
  • Dow, George (1970). North Staffordshire Album. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 0 7110 0128 6. 
  • Essery, Bob; Jenkinson, David (1981). An Illustrated History of LMS Locomotives. Volume 1: General Review and Locomotive Liveries. Oxford: Oxford Publishing. ISBN 0 8609 3087 4. 
  • Jenkinson, David (1988). British railway carriages of the 20th century. Volume 1: The end of an era, 1901–1922. London: Guild Publishing. ISBN 0 8505 9912 1. 
  • Jeuda, Basil (1999). The Churnet Valley Railway. Lydney, Gloucestershire: Lightmoor Press. ISBN 01 899 889 05. 
  • Jeuda, Basil (1999). The Knotty, an illustrated survey of the North Staffordshire Railway. Lydney, Gloucestershire: Lightmoor Press. ISBN 0 1899 8901 9. 
  • Nock, Oliver (1982). A History of the LMS: The first years 1923–1930. 1. London: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0 0438 5087 1. 
  • Rowledge, John W P (1989). LMS Engines: names, numbers, types & classes. Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Redwood Burn. ISBN 0 7153 9381 2. 
  • Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon, eds (1997). The Oxford Companion to British railway history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 1921 1697 5. 
  • Walley, Noel (May 2003). "North Staffordshire Railway Passenger Services 1910–1999". http://www.greatorme.org.uk/knottystudy.htm. Retrieved 27 April 2009. 

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