Sukhumi massacre

The Sukhumi massacre [ Definition by: State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994 ] ( _ka. სოხუმის ტრაგედია) took place on September 27, 1993, during the War in Abkhazia and fall of Sukhumi into separatist hands. It was perpetrated against Georgian civilians of Sukhumi, mainly by militia forces of Abkhaz separatists, their North Caucasian and Russian allies. [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979327,00.html Siege of Sukhumi] , "TIME Magazine", October 04, 1993] It became a part of the bloody campaign carried out by the separatists, which is known as the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia

Events

On September 27, 1993, separatist forces violated the ceasefire initiated by the UN and guaranteed by the Russian Federation, which barred both sides from performing military operations. As part of the ceasefire, Georgian forces had withdrawn their heavy artillery and tanks from Sukhumi. Abkhaz, Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus, Cossack and Russian militants stormed Sukhumi early in the morning. Confronted by large numbers of combatants, the Georgian army units that remained in the city were unable to prevent the separatist advance into the city. By noon, separatist militants and their allies had taken over television buildings and bridges. Georgian forces retreated to the Government building of the Abkhazian Autonomous Republic, where they intended to provide security for members of Abkhazian Autonomous Republic Government. By late afternoon the city was overrun by separatists and their allies.

Placing their hopes on the ceasefire, a large number of civilians remained in the city. The separatists and their allies started to sweep through the streets of Sukhumi rounding up all civilians that they found. Men, women and children were executed in the streets, on the roads inside their own apartments, houses and back yards. According to the witnesses many people became objects of torture, children were killed in front of their parents, parents – in front of their children. [Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.]

Women became targets of sadistic rape. Refugees recall people being burned to death, disembowelled and dismembered while still alive [Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992. ] The massacres occurred in the city park, in front of the governmental building, in schools and hospitals. Almost all members of the Abkhaz government (those who refused to leave the city), Zhiuli Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria, Mamia Alasania, and Raul Eshba were captured and executed. [Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. "Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow." Gothic Image Publications, 1994]

The 1994 U.S. State Department Country Reports also describes scenes of massive human rights abuse:

:"The [Abkhaz] separatist forces committed widespread atrocities against the Georgian civilian population, killing many women, children, and elderly, capturing some as hostages and torturing others ... they also killed large numbers of Georgian civilians who remained behind in Abkhaz-seized territory..." [.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, ]

:"The separatists launched a reign of terror against the majority Georgian population, although other nationalities also suffered. Chechens and other north Caucasians from the Russian Federation reportedly joined local Abkhaz troops in the commission of atrocities... Those fleeing Abkhazia made highly credible claims of atrocities, including the killing of civilians without regard for age or sex. Corpses recovered from Abkhaz-held territory showed signs of extensive torture." (The evidence available to Human Rights Watch supports the U.S. State Department’s findings.) [.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, ]

Aftermath

Eduard Shevardnadze left the city narrowly escaping death. Soon Abkhaz forces and the Confederates overran the whole territory of Abkhazia, except small region of the Kodori Gorge (which remained under the control of the Tbilisi government until August 2008). The total defeat of government forces was followed by ethnic cleansing of Georgian population with all horrors of humanitarian catastrophe. [U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 877, 881. ] More than 250.000 refugees (mainly Georgians, also Greeks and others) were forced out from Abkhazia. In September 1994, several reports indicated ethnic clashes between Abkhaz and Armenians, significant part of which supported the former during the war. Chechen militants of CMPC soon left Abkhazia to take part in the First Chechen War.

Perpetrators

There are a number of conflicting claims as to whether the massacre was conducted by Abkhaz militias or those of their Russian and North Caucasian allies. Allegedly, the commander of the separaratist forces, partly responsible for the massacre was the deputy defence minister and "hero" of Abkhazia Shamil Basaev [ Anatoly Gordienko [http://www.ng.ru/cis/2004-10-15/1_abkhazia.html "Basaev's comrades-in-arms go to Abkazia"] , Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2004] [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/special_report/bbcrussian/2002_06/newsid_2385000/2385487.stm "Shamil Basaev - the No 1 enemy of Russia", BBC, 2002] ] . According to witness testimonies, the militants spoke North Caucasian languages and Russian. [Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994. ] However, some refugees who survived the massacre have claimed that they recognized their Abkhaz and Armenian neighbours collaborating with the militants during the massacres in various neighbourhoods. [ Human Rights Watch interviews, August 1993.] Many people recall the commands given by Russian officers: "Do not take prisoners alive!" [Andersen, Andrew. "Russia Versus Georgia: One Undeclared War in the Caucasus." Published October 2001. ]

Houses and land owned by Georgians were ransacked and taken over by the Abkhaz, Russians, Cossacks and other newcomers.Fact|date=October 2008 These allegations are currently investigated by International Criminal Court in Hague. OSCE has recently given its recognition to and condemned the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia. Although many separatist militants have been accused for committing massacres none of them have yet been tried.

Notes

Bibliography

* Andersen, Andrew. [http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/RUSSIA%20VERSUS%20GEORGIA.htm "Russia Versus Georgia: One Undeclared War in the Caucasus."] Published October 2001.
* Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. "Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow." Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
* Human Rights Watch. [http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm "Georgia/Abkhazia: Violations of the Laws of War and Russia's Role in the Conflict."] Published on hrw.org, March 1995.
* Lynch, Dov. "The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian 'Peacekeeping' Policy." Royal Institute of International Affairs, February 1998.
*Marshania L. "Tragedy of Abkhazia" Moscow, 1996
*"White Book of Abkhazia." 1992-1993 Documents, Materials, Evidences. Moscow, 1993.
*Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992.

ee also

*Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
*Georgian-Abkhaz conflict
*Abkhazia
*United Nations resolutions on Abkhazia

External links

* [http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia/georgia953.pdf Report by Human Rights Watch Helsinki about ethnic cleansing committed in Abkhazia]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070607163702/http://abkhazeti.ru/pages/main/warabkhazia.html Documented accounts of ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia] (Russian)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070705173138/http://abkhazeti.ru/video/sukhumi93.avi Video file, capture of Zhuili Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria, Raul Eshba, etc and their execution] (right-click to open file)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070629161445/http://abkhazeti.ru/video/KLIP.WMV Video file, ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia] (right-click to open file)
* [http://www.abchaseti.de/Musik/Film.wmv "Sukhumi 27.09.93 (Video)"] Dead link|date=August 2008 (wmv)
* [http://www.separatizm.narod.ru/spiski/spiski_sukhumi.html List of names of people who perished in Sukhumi Massacre] (Russian)
* [http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/abkhazia.htm "Abkhazia: An Open Wound in Georgia" by Dr. Andrew Andersen]
* [http://www.abkhazeti.info/ Government of Abkhazia (-in-exile)]