- Punitive damages
Punitive damages (termed exemplary damages in the
United Kingdom ) aredamages not awarded in order to compensate theplaintiff , but in order to reform or deter thedefendant and similar persons from pursuing a course of action such as that which damaged the plaintiff.Punitive damages are often awarded where compensatory damages are deemed an inadequate remedy. The court may impose them to prevent under-compensation of plaintiffs, to allow redress for undetectable torts and taking some strain away from the criminal justice system. [See "Kemezy v. Peters", 79 F.3d 33 (7th Cir. 1996) (Posner, J.)] However, punitive damages awarded under court system that recognize them, may be difficult to enforce in jurisdictions that do not recognize them. Punitive damages awarded to one party in a US case would be difficult to get recognition for in a European court, where punitive damages are most likely to be considered to violate
ordre public . [ See [http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/03/26/america/damages.php Courts outside U.S. wary of punitive damages] , International Herald Tribune 2008-03-26]Because they usually compensate the plaintiff in excess of the plaintiff's provable injuries, punitive damages are awarded only in special cases, usually under
tort law, where the defendant's conduct was egregiously insidious. Punitive damages cannot generally be awarded incontract disputes.Also, punitive damages can be in excess as compared to the compensatory damages. There is no certain limits or ratio of punitive damages to that of compensatory damages.
National applications
United Kingdom and Commonwealth
In
England andWales , exemplary damages are limited to the circumstances set out byLord Patrick Devlin in the leading case of "Rookes v. Barnard ". [ [1964] AC 1129, [1964] 1 All ER 367.] They are:#Oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions by the servants of government.
#Where the defendant's conduct was 'calculated' to make a profit for himself.
#Where a statute expressly authorises the same."Rookes v Barnard" has been much criticised and has not been followed in
Canada orAustralia or by thePrivy Council . [See "Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren" (1967) 117 CLR 221, where the Privy Council upheld the Australian rejection of "Rookes v Barnard"]Another case, that could arguably be seen as an example of punitive
damages , was that of "Attorney-General v Blake" [ [2001] 1 AC 268] in which the defendant profited from publishing abook detailing his work forMI5 . The details were very old and therefore did not cause loss to the state. The publishing was however in breach of the contract of employment (and incidentally criminally in breach of theOfficial Secrets Act 1911 ). He was required to give an account of his profits gained from writing the book.The
court s have been very reluctant to follow this approach, [see, for example "Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc" [2003] EWCA Civ 323.] emphasising the materiality of the criminal element required for thesedamages to be considered.In
New Zealand it was held in "Donselaar v. Donselaar" [ [1982] 1 NZLR 97] and confirmed in "Auckland City Council v. Blundell" [ [1986] 1 NZLR 732] that the existence of theAccident Compensation Corporation did not bar the available of exemplary damages. In "Paper Reclaim Ltd v Aotearoa International" [ [2006] 3 NZLR 188] it was held that exemplary damages are not to be awarded in actions for breach of contract but the Court left open the possibility that exemplary damages might be available where the breach of contract is a tort.United States
Punitive damages are a settled principle of common law in the
United States . [See "Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co." (Ford Pinto Case), 174 Cal. Rptr. 348 (Cal. Ct. App. 1981) (Tamura, J.), subhead VI.] They are a matter of state law, and thus differ in application from state to state. In many states, includingCalifornia andTexas , punitive damages are determined based onstatute ; elsewhere, they may be determined solely based on case law. Many state statutes are the result ofinsurance industrylobbying to impose "caps" on punitive damages; however, several state courts have struck down these statutory caps as unconstitutional.Douglas Laycock, "Modern American Remedies" (Aspen, 2002), p. 732-736.]Punitive damages are a focal point of the "
tort reform " debate in the United States, where numerous highly-publicized multi-million dollar verdicts have led to a fairly common perception that punitive damage awards tend to be excessive. However, statistical studies by law professors and the Department of Justice have found that punitive damages are only awarded in two percent of civil cases which go to trial, and that the median punitive damage award is between $38,000 and $50,000.In response to judges and juries which award high punitive damages verdicts, the
Supreme Court of the United States has made several decisions which limit awards of punitive damages through thedue process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to theUnited States Constitution . In a number of cases, the Court has indicated that a 4:1 ratio between punitive and compensatory damages is broad enough to lead to a finding of constitutional impropriety, and that any ratio of 10:1 or higher is almost certainly unconstitutional.In "
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore " (1996), the Court ruled that punitive damages must be reasonable, as determined based on the degree of reprehensibility of the conduct, the ratio of punitive damages to compensatory damages, and any criminal or civil penalties applicable to the conduct. In "State Farm Auto. Ins. v. Campbell " (2003), the Court held that punitive damages may only be based on the acts of the defendants which harmed the plaintiffs.Most recently, in "
Philip Morris USA v. Williams " (2007), the Court ruled that punitive damage awards cannot be imposed for the direct harm that the misconduct caused others, but may consider harm to others as a function of determining how reprehensible it was. More reprehensible misconduct justifies a larger punitive damage award. Dissenting in the "Williams" case, JusticeJohn Paul Stevens found that the "nuance eludes me," suggesting that the majority had resolved the case on a distinction that makes no difference.Japan
Japan ese courts do not award punitive damages as a matter ofpublic policy , and Japanese law prohibits the enforcement of punitive damage awards obtained overseas. [General Act Related to the Application of Laws (法の適用に関する通則法) § 22(2) (2006) ("Should a tort be governed by the law of a foreign state, even if the facts to which the law of such foreign state apply constitute a violation of the laws of such foreign state and of the laws of Japan, the victim may not claim any compensation or other disposition other than that recognized under the laws of Japan."). This was predated by the judgment of the Supreme Court of July 11, 1997, 51-6 Minshu 2573, and other precedents.]In Japan, medical negligence and other species of negligence are governed by the criminal code. For instance, many causes of action which would subject a defendant to a potential punitive damage award in the U.S. would subject the same individual to prison time in Japan. With that in mind, the simple statement, "Japanese courts do not award punitive damages," seems wildly misleading.
ee also
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Non-economic damages caps References
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