Baptornis

Taxobox
name = "Baptornis"
status = fossil
fossil_range = Late Cretaceous (Coniacian - Campanian)
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
subclassis = Hesperornithes
ordo = Hesperornithiformes
familia = Baptornithidae
familia_authority = AOU, 1910
genus = "Baptornis"
genus_authority = Marsh, 1877
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision =
*"B. advenus" (type)
Marsh, 1877
*"B. varneri"
Martin & Cordes-Person, 2007
synonyms ="Parascaniornis" Lambrecht, 1933

"Baptornis" ("diving bird") is an extinct genus of flightless aquatic bird from the Late Cretaceous, some 87-80 million years ago (roughly mid-Coniacian to mid-Campanian faunal stages). The fossils of "Baptornis advenus", the type species, were discoved in Kansas, which at its time was mostly covered by the North American Inland Sea, a shallow shelf sea. It is now known to have also occurred in today's Sweden, where the Turgai Strait joined the ancient North Sea; possibly, it occurred in the entire Holarctic.

Othniel Charles Marsh discovered the first fossils of this bird in the 1870's. This was, alongside the "Archaeopteryx", one of the first Mesozoic birds to become known to science.

Anatomy

The 1 m (3 ft 4 in) long "Baptornis" had lost the ability to fly, possessing only vestigial wings. Unlike its larger relative "Hesperornis", the manual bones were not fully reduced, and it seems to have retained a tiny, finger-like stub. Its legs were powerful and the feet were very large with long toes that could not rotate well, allowing the animal to swim and dive at considerable speed. Its foot, altogether, was rather similar to that of a large loon which it also resembled in overall bulk.

Thus the toes of "Baptornis" were probably webbed as in loons or ducks, rather than lobed as in grebes and "Hesperornis": for birds with lobed toes, rotating the toes is necessary to reduce drag when pulling the foot forward for a new stroke. Still, no skin impressions have been found of webs or lobes, leaving the matter open to debate. What is known from fossil skin impression is that the tarsometatarsus was covered by larger scutes in front and smaller scales behind like in loons, rather than all-scaled as in grebes.

Like other Hesperornithes, "Baptornis" probably had teeth in its beak which allowed it to grab fish and other slippery prey. The skull is still unknown, but some teeth of the right size and shape have been found in the same rocks as "Baptornis" bones, and these are likely to be from the bird rather than a non-avian theropod dinosaur [Though with some very small theropods becoming known more recently, it cannot be ruled out of course.] . Its neck was unusually long, further extending its reach.

The pygostyle was long, high and narrow. The tail thus probably was laterally compressed and served as rudder; a similar adaptation though less extreme is found in today's loons.

As its relatives, the bones of "Baptornis" were dense, much like in mammals. This helped the animal to dive by reducing its buoyancy. It also made the bones fossilize better, making them more common than those of flying birds like "Ichthyornis" which, compared to other vertebrate bones, are rare as fossils.

Ecology

More material evidence exists for the ecology of "B. advenus" than for any other member of the Hesperornithes, with the possible exception of "Hesperornis regalis", but still much is left to conjecture. The loon-sized bird was of middle size among its relatives and had a markedly elongated neck. Presumably, it thus behaved in a manner similar to today's darters, hunting smaller, more mobile prey than its larger relatives. Unlike a darter however, it could not spear its prey, but instead held it with its beak like today's mergansers.

The waters which it inhabited were fairly shallow epicontinental or shelf seas. Remains found far off the prehistoric shore suggest that it either ventured far out and/or that it bred on islands. A considerable number of juvenile specimens are known. These tend to be from the northern part of its range - today's Canada and Alaska - though they have also been found in Kansas. This suggests that the birds were migratory like some penguins are today, moving polewards in summer to breed. The Cretaceous had a much warmer climate than today; the waters inhabited by "Baptornis" were subtropical to temperate.

The long neck also provided extra mobility necessary since its feet were probably webbed rather than lobed, and thus optimized towards speed rather than maneuvrability. With the dense bones, the animals probably swam half-submerged as darters and cormorants do. The wings played no major role in locomotion, but may have been helpful in changing depth and/or direction, similar to a submarine's diving planes or a fish's pectoral fins. It is even possible that it gained some additional maneuvrability by the hand-stub, which despite being much reduced still could be moved independently at the wrist joint.

While it was excellently adapted to swimming and diving, "Baptornis" is thought to have been clumsy on land, pushing itself along the rocks with its feet rather than actually walking. The natural position of the lower legs was flush against the body, with the feet stretched out sideways and thus it would have been unable to move upright without toppling over. As opposed to "Hesperornis" which almost certainly had to slide on its belly or galumph like an earless seal, "Baptornis"'s lower leg was not as firmly placed along the body sides. Thus, it would have found it more easy to place its feet under its body with the toes pointing forwards and might have managed small hops or even an awkward waddle, body held low to the ground.

The only certain record of Hesperornithes' food found so far comes from "Baptornis": Specimen UNSM 20030 was found associated with some coprolites. These are small round lumps - maybe a centimeter in diameter or so - and contain the remains of a small species of the sabre-toothed "herring" "Enchodus", possibly "E. parvus". "Baptornis" had powerful gastric juices and/or regurgiated most indigestible parts of its prey as a pellet like most living fish-eating birds do, because the "Enchodus" remains make up only a small fraction of the coprolites' mass, most of which was nondescript feces.

ystematics

"Baptornis" was related to the bigger, better known "Hesperornis". Both belonged to the Hesperornithes, a group of prehistoric birds which were uniquely adapted to diving and swimming, and had teeth. Otherwise, they were fairly similar to living birds rather than to more dinosaur-like forms such as "Archaeopteryx" or the Enantiornithes.

As "Baptornis" was quite peculiar among the Hesperornithes, the family Baptornithidae has been established for it. Presently this is considered monotypic by most. However, it was recently established [See Rees & Lindgren (2005).] that the supposed "Cretaceous flamingo" "Parascaniornis stenisoei" from the Late Cretaceous of Ivö Island in Sweden was not a flamingo and neither, as suggested by others, a gaviiform (loon) nor a procellariiform, but in fact belongs with "Baptornis". As there is insufficient material for a proper comparison, it is not known whether it is also a junior synonym of "B. advenus" or a second species.

In 2004, it was announced that material of a second species were being prepared for description. It is about twice as massive as the "B. advenus". The bones had been found in the lower Pierre Shale of SW South Dakota. [See Person (2004).] James Martin and Amanda Cordes-Person named this species "Baptornis varneri" in 2007.

In addition, two other prehistoric diving birds of the Late Cretaceous are sometimes placed in the Baptornithidae:

"Potamornis" is in all probability a member of the Hesperornithes. However, it is unclear with which of these it is most closely allied; some place it in the Baptornithidae.

More interesting - or controversial - is the case of "Neogaeornis". This bird, whose remains were found in Chile, might be a baptornithid also. Others consider it closely related to certain modern birds, either the Gaviiformes, or the Procellariiformes.

Footnotes

References

* (2007): Oceans of Kansas: [http://www.oceansofkansas.com/hesper.html "Hesperornis regalis" Marsh 1872 - Toothed marine birds of the Late Cretaceous seas] . Version of 2006-DEC-12. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.
* (2004): A New Species of Diving Bird, "Baptornis", from the Lower Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Southwestern South Dakota. Paper 33-7, Rocky Mountain (56th Annual) and Cordilleran (100th Annual) Joint Meeting, May 3–5, 2004.
* (2005): Aquatic birds from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Campanian) of Sweden and the biology and distribution of hesperornithiforms. "Palaeontology" 48(6): 1321–1329. doi|10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00507.x (HTML abstract)

External links

* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/hespero/hespero.jpgMounted skeleton] . Lobed feet less likely, but plausible. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.
* [http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Hesperornis/martin60.jpgReconstructed skeleton] . Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.
* [http://home.arcor.de/oliver.volland/Internet/UnserUnterricht/Dinoschule/DinosNG/Baptornis.jpgReconstruction in life] . Color is based on reasonable assumption of countershading. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.