Ioan Flueraş

Ioan Flueraş or Fluieraş (November 2, 1882—1952) was a Romanian social democratic politician and a victim of the communist regime.

Biography

Early activities

Born in Chereluş, [Constantiniu; Roz] Arad County, in Transylvania (which was at the time part of Austria-Hungary), he trained as a wheelwright and settled in Arad, where he became active in socialist circles. In 1901, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary, and began contributing to its press in Hungary; with Iosif Jumanca and Tiron Albani, he led the Party's ethnic Romanian wing. ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.3, 15] The latter eventually reformed itself as the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat. At the time, Flueraş unsuccessfully ran in elections for the Hungarian Parliament. [Roz]

Between 1906 and 1914, he was editor in chief of "Adevărul" (the party newspaper), until it was closed down by Hungarian authorities. Living in Budapest, Flueraş was conscripted after the outbreak of World War I, and worked for the Austro-Hungarian Air Service in a factory on Csepel Island. [Roz]

Transylvanian politics

In the summer of 1918, he and Jumanca became involved in reestablishing "Adevărul", [Roz] which, inspired by the "Fourteen Points", became connected with the fight for emancipation of Romanians in Transylvania and Banat, and their eventual union with Romania. [Roz] Before the Aster Revolution, Flueraş and Jumanca were charged with contacting the Romanian National Party, negotiations which led, in early October, to the creation of "Consiliul Naţional Român Central" ("CNRC", the Central Romanian National Council). [Constantiniu] The CNRC was instrumental in convoking the Alba Iulia Assembly of December 1, 1918, one which confirmed Transylvania's secession from the Hungarian Republic, and its will to join with Romania; Flueraş was the Assembly's vice president, and subsequently served as Chief of Department for Social security and Hygiene in the Directory Council (the "de facto" government of the region, led by Iuliu Maniu). ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.16; Brătescu; Constantiniu; Roz] Among the other Social Democrats in the Council were Jumanca, Albani, and Enea Grapini.

On the very day of the Alba Iulia Assembly, he was elected general secretary of the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat. Later in the same month, after a strike was worker's rally broken up in Bucharest and the newly-created Socialist Party of Romania (PS) repressed, Flueraş and Jumanca, urged by Constantin Titel Petrescu, met with King Ferdinand I and Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu, persuading them to grant concessions to the labor movement. [Brătescu] In 1920, he was one of Romania's envoys to the Paris Peace Conference. [Constantiniu; Roz]

Interwar Romania

In late 1918, the Transylvanian and Banat socialists agreed to join the PS as a distinct section. In late 1919, Flueraş, Jumanca, and Ilie Moscovici carried unsuccessful negotiations for a merger between Alexandru Averescu's People's League and the Socialist groups; talks were mediated by Constantin Argetoianu. [Argetoianu]

Alongside Gheorghe Cristescu, Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea and others, Flueraş was a delegate to the Second Congress of the Comintern in Moscow, where the matter of the PSR's joining of the international body and its support of Bolshevik lines were debated. The Transylvanian delegates and, as a former member of the Directory Council, Flueraş first and foremost, were the target of Nikolai Bukharin and Christian Rakovsky's attacks, given that they supported a Greater Romania in front of Bolshevik principles; upon their return Flueraş, Leon Ghelerter, Gheorghe Popovici, and others were expelled from the PS (despite Cristescu's reserves) — the group reformed itself as the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.17; Constantiniu; Denize; Frunză, p.22-23, 269-270; Roz; Tismăneanu, p.45-46]

After the reestablishment of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSD) as a socialist group opposed to the PCR, Flueraş served several terms as a party representative to the Chamber of Deputies of Romania. [Constantiniu; Roz] He settled in Bucharest in 1922, and worked for the Labor Ministry. [Constantiniu] With Moscovici, Şerban Voinea, and Iacob Pistiner, Flueraş represented the PSD to the 1924 Congress of the Labor and Socialist International in Marseille. ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.19]

When the authoritarian regime of King Carol II was imposed in 1938, he supported the change and remained active in the guilds established by the new corporatist structure of the National Renaissance Front (as a member of the Upper Economic Council and the Senate). ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.23, 24; Constantiniu; Tismăneanu, p.60]

A potential target of Iron Guard reprisals during the National Legionary State, Flueraş survived the Legionnaires' Rebellion, and, upon the Guard's defeat, sent a congratulatory telegram to "Conducător" Ion Antonescu. [Scurtu, p.11] He retreated from public life for the rest of World War II. [Constantiniu; Roz]

After World War II

In early 1945, after the royal coup that toppled Ion Antonescu's pro-Nazi regime and placed Romania in the Allies camp, Flueraş and George Grigorovici founded the "Socialist Democratic Party", which claimed legitimacy inside the socialist camp and denounced collaboration with the Communists. ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.24] It was dissolved in September 1946. ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.24] Flueraş again joined the PSD, remained opposed to the growing Soviet influence which had found its advocates inside the latter political group (the wing led by Lothar Rădăceanu and Ştefan Voitec), refused office in the Communist-backed Petru Groza government, and ultimately rallied with Constantin Titel Petrescu's "Independent Social Democrats". [Constantiniu; Roz]

He was arrested in late 1948, presented as a dissident PSD member, [Frunză, p.229, 283] tried for "having collaborated with a fascist regime", ["110 ani de social-democraţie", p.24] and held in various prisons inside the country, where he was routinely tortured, being ultimately murdered in Gherla prison (according to one testimony, he was beaten to death with sandbags). ["Traiul şi sfârşitul..."]

Notes

References

*ro icon [http://www.fisd.ro/PDF/110ani.pdf "110 ani de social-democraţie în România" ("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania")] , Social Democratic Party, Ovidiu Şincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003
*ro icon [http://www.literaturasidetentie.ro/detentia/carte_9_2.php "Traiul şi sfârşitul lui Ion Flueraş la Gherla" ("The Life and Death of Ion Flueraş in Gherla")] , in "Memoria", 2/2002
*Constantin Argetoianu, "Memorii" ("Memoirs"; fragment), in "Magazin Istoric", March 1968
*ro icon Gheorghe Brătescu, [http://www.psd-ctp.ro/constantin.html "Constantin Titel Petrescu", at the Social Democratic Party-Constantin Titel Petrescu site]
*Florin Constantiniu, "Flueraş, Ioan", in "Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders", Greenwood Press, Oxford, 1995, p.315-316
*ro icon Eugen Denize, [http://revista.memoria.ro/?location=view_article&id=386 "Comunismul românesc de la începuturi până la moartea lui Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej. Câteva consideraţii" ("Romanian Communism from Its Beginnings to the Death of Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej. Several Reflections")] in "Memoria"
*Victor Frunză, "Istoria stalinismului în România" ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990
*ro icon Alexandru Roz, [http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/2003/AlexRoz.htm "Ioan Flueraş, un lider social-democrat mort în închisorile comuniste" ("Ioan Flueraş, a Social-Democratic Leader Who Died in Communist Prisons")]
*Ioan Scurtu, "PNL şi PNŢ: Rezerve, nemulţumiri, proteste. Partidele istorice sub guvernarea antonesciano-legionară" ("PNL and PNŢ: Reserves, Dissatisfactions, Protests, Historical Parties under the Antonescu-Legionary Government"), in "Dosarele Istoriei", 9/2000
*Vladimir Tismăneanu, "Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism", University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, ISBN 0-52-023747-1