Coccothrinax

Coccothrinax
Coccothrinax argentata, Bahia Honda Key, Monroe County, Florida Photo by Scott Zona
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Coryphoideae
Tribe:	Cryosophileae[1]
Genus:	Coccothrinax Sarg.
Type species
C. argentata (Jacq.) L.H.Bailey
Diversity
About 53 species; see List of Coccothrinax species
Synonyms
Haitiella L.H.Bailey Thrincoma O.F.Cook Thringis O.F.Cook

Coccothrinax is a genus of palms in the Arecaceae family. There are more than 50 species described in the genus, plus many synonyms and sub-species. A new species (Coccothrinax torrida) has been described as recently as 2006. Many of the Coccothrinax have silver or thatch, or both, in their English common names. In Spanish – speaking countries, guano is a common name applied to Coccothrinax species. The species are native throughout the Caribbean, the Bahamas, extreme southern Florida and southeastern Mexico, but most of the species are known only from Cuba.^[2][3][4]

Description

Detail of the stem of Coccothrinax scoparia showing fibrous leaf sheaths

Coccothrinax is a genus of small to medium-sized, fan palms with relatively slender stems^[5] and 8 to 22 palmate leaves.^[6] The stems are initially covered by fibrous leaf sheaths. These break down into a network of fibres or spines, eventually leaving a bare trunk covered with leaf scars.^[5] The underside of the leaflets are often silvery-grey, on the underside;^[6] this is reflected by the fact that many common name "silver palm" which is given to many species of Coccothrinax.^[5] The base of the petiole is not split longitudinally. The absence of this trait is a distinguishing character which separates Coccothrinax from Thrinax.^[6]

Coccothrinax species bear branched inflorescences which are located among the leaves. The bisexual flowers, which are borne on short stalks, have between 6 and 13 stamens and a single carpel. The fruit are small, single-seeded, and range in colour from purple-red to purple-black, to brown. The seeds are deeply grooved "and resemble a brain".^[6]

Taxonomy

See also: List of Coccothrinax species

Coccothrinax Hemithrinax Leucothrinax Zombia Thrinax Schippia Cryosophila Itaya Chelyocarpus

Simplified phylogeny of the tribe Cryosophileae (except Trithrinax) based on the nuclear genes PKR and RPB2.[7]

The genus Coccothrinax was first described by American botanist Charles Sprague Sargent in 1899. He split the genus away from Thrinax based on characteristics of the fruit and seeds. The genus was based on Sargent's description of C. jucunda (now C. argentata) and C. garberi (also synonymised with C. argentata). He also assigned Thrinax argentea and T. radiata to the genus;^[8] while the former is now known as recognised as part of Coccothrinax, the latter remains in Thrinax.^[7] The generic epithet combines "coccus", the Latin word for berry, with Thrinax.^[6]

Coccothrinax is the most diverse genus of Caribbean palms.^[7] Although Andrew Henderson and colleagues only recognised fourteen species in their 1995 Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas,^[6] the current World Checklist of Arecaceae recognises 52 or 53 species.^[9]

Distribution

Coccothrinax is a primarily Caribbean genus—it is found throughout the insular Caribbean, and in adjacent areas of Mexico and Florida.^[6] Species are usually found in dry, open or exposed habitats, on limestone, serpentine or sandy soils.^[5][6]

Coccothrinax argentata ranges from Florida and the Florida Keys, through the Bahamas and San Andrés Island to southeastern Mexico.^[10] Coccothrinax barbadensis ranges through the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad and Tobago and the Netherlands Antilles.^[11] The remaining species have narrower distributions; many are known from single populations in Cuba or Hispaniola.^[12]

Uses

The largest collections^{[citation needed]} are grown in Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden[2], in Miami, Florida, Jardín Botánico Nacional[3] , in Havana, Cuba and Palmetum of Santa Cruz de Tenerife[4], in the Canary Islands, Spain.

References

1. ^ Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A New Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin 60 (4): 559–69. JSTOR 25070242. 
2. ^ Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden – Coccothrinax – URL retrieved June 24, 2006
3. ^ Morici, Carlo. 2002. Coccothrinax boschiana. Palms 41:1. [1] – URL retrieved June 24, 2006
4. ^ ePalmetum: Species in the genus Coccothrinax – URL retrieved June 24, 2006
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Uhl, Natalie E.; John Dransfield (1987). Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore Jr. Lawrence, Kansas: The L. H. Bailey Hortorium and the International Palm Society. pp. 179–80. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Henderson, Andrew; Gloria Galeano; Rodrigo Bernal (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 45–50. ISBN 0-691-08537-4. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} Roncal, Julissa; Scott Zona, Carl E. Lewis (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation". Botanical Review 74 (1): 78–102. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9. 
8. ^ Sargent, Charles Sprague (1899). "New or Little Known North American Trees". Botanical Gazette 27 (2): 81–94. doi:10.1086/327795. JSTOR 2465176. 
9. ^ Govaerts, R.; J. Henderson; S.F. Zona; D.R. Hodel; A. Henderson (2006). "World Checklist of Arecaceae". The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/wcsp/home.do. Retrieved 2009-06-13. 
10. ^ "Coccothrinax argentata". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?accepted_id=44377&repSynonym_id=146375&name_id=44377&status=true. Retrieved 2009-06-13. 
11. ^ "Coccothrinax barbadensis". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?accepted_id=44384&repSynonym_id=203950&name_id=44384&status=true. Retrieved 2009-06-13. 
12. ^ Morici, Carlo; Raúl Verdecia Pérez (2006). "Coccothrinax torrida (Arecaceae), a new species from southeastern Cuba". Brittonia 58 (2): 189–93. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2006)58[189:CTAANS]2.0.CO;2.