Bélmez Faces

The Bélmez Faces or the Faces of Bélmez is considered by some parapsychologists the best-documented and "without doubt the most important paranormal phenomenon [in the 20th] century". [ [http://www.discoverychannel.com.au/paranormal/most_haunted/the_belmez_faces/index.shtml Psychic and Paranormal] ] Located at the Pereira family home at Street Real 5, Bélmez de la Moraleda, Jaén, Spain, the Bélmez faces have been responsible for bringing large numbers of sightseers to Bélmez. Starting in 1971, people have claimed to see images of faces that continuously and unexplainably form and disappear on the floor of the Pereiras' home.

These faces, and many more which have already disappeared, have been appearing at irregular intervals in the past thirty-five years and have been frequently photographed by the local newspapers and curious visitors. Many Bélmez residents believe that the faces were not made by human hands, which has led some investigators to conjecture that it is a thoughtographic phenomenon unconsciously produced by the owner of the house, María Gómez Cámara. ("Thoughtography" is considered a form of psychokinesis among parapsychologists.)

On the other hand, skeptical researchers point out that unlike other psychic claims this case is falsifiable. Since the faces of Bélmez are fixed on whitewash of cement, scientists are able to analyze the molecular changes that took place in such mass of concrete. In fact, skeptics have performed extensive tests on the faces and maintain they have demonstrated that fakery has been involved. [cite journal | last = Tort| first = César| authorlink = | title = Bélmez Faces Turned Out to Be Suspiciously Picture-like Images | journal = Skeptical Inquirer| volume = 19 (2)| issue = Mar/Apr | pages = 4| publisher = | location = | date = 1995| url = ]

History

The appearances in Bélmez began on August 23, 1971, when María Gómez Cámara claimed that a human face formed spontaneously on her cement kitchen floor. María's husband, Juan Pereira and their son, Miguel, destroyed the image with a pick axe and new cement was laid down. However, the Pereira story goes, a new face formed on the floor. The mayor of Bélmez was informed and forbade the destruction of the new face. Instead, the floor cement was cut out and taken for study.

María's home, advertised to the tourists as "La Casa de las Caras" (The House of the Faces), was built in the 19th century. An excavation, conducted under the location of the house, revealed human remains, which were removed. However, this did not stop the purported phenomenon. By Easter of 1972 hundreds of people were flocking to the house to see the faces. For the next 30 years the Pereira family claimed that faces continued to appear. They were both male and female, of different shapes, sizes and expressions.

The investigations

There have been several investigations into the Bélmez case by advocates of the paranormal hypothesis and proponents of the forgery hypothesis.

The thoughtographic hypothesis

The main researchers of the Bélmez case were Hans Bender and Germán de Argumosa. Both collaborated in Bélmez and Freiburg in the early 1970s when the ostensible phenomenon began. However, neither Bender nor de Argumosa published an official report on them. Inexplicably, Bender wrote very little about the case in his journal "Zeitschrift für Parapsychologie". Argumosa, a Spanish parapsychologist spent two years evaluating what he believed was a gothic mystery, but published nothing on the subject either. However, Bender did mention the case in passing and referred to it in some of his lectures. His crucial statement referred to the sealing of areas of the floor where some faces were in progress with a transparent plastic material:

: " "In Bélmez, slight changes of the faces' configuration during the period when the phenomenon was under seal (attested by a notary) have contributed to ensure its paranormal origin". [ cite journal
last = Bender
first = Hans
title =
journal = Rundbrief (Institute for Boarder Areas of Psychology and Psycho-Hygiene's newsletter)
date=December 1973 ]

The only believer who has published an entire book on the case is José Martínez-Romero. His book "Las Caras de Bélmez" is a collection of anecdotes. [cite book
last = Martínez Romero
first = José
title = Las caras de Bélmez (Barcelona: Martínez Roca)
year = 1978] Martínez-Romero is not worried about falsifying the paranormal hypothesis. (An advantage of this and other cases of ostensible thoughtographic appearances is that, as the paranormal interpretation is falsifiable, it is not a pseudoscientific hypothesis.) [The concept of the hypothetical “permanent paranormal object” is explained in chapter “What is to count as good evidence for the paranormal” in cite book
last = Beloff
first = John
title = The Relentless Question (McFarland & Co)
year = 1990 ] Argumosa himself, who used to be the main defender of this case in Spain, believes that Martínez-Romero discredited the phenomenon with his book. [De Argumosa, quoted in cite journal
last = Tort
first = César, J.
coauthors = Luis Ruiz Noguez
title = Are the faces of Bélmez permanent paranormal objects?
journal = Journal of the Society for Psychical Research
volume = 59
pages = 161–71
date = 1993 (p. 163)]

The most serious publication to date by a believer appears in the first chapter of the book "The Seen and the Unseen" by Andrew MacKenzie. However, MacKenzie did not speak Spanish and during his stay in Bélmez lacked an interpreter. Only a taxi driver and Martínez-Romero's son were able to assist him, though very little. [cite book
last = MacKenzie
first = Andrew
title = The seen and the unseen (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
year = 1987, pp. 23-41]

Scientific studies carried out on a Bélmez face were performed by the "Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio" or ICV (Institute of Ceramics and Glass), with samples from two of the faces recovered by Father J.M. Pilón's team in September 1990. The samples, one 30 milligrams, the other 60 milligrams, were subjected to various tests such as granulometric, mineralogical and chemical. According to Carballal: "The result, expressed in extremely abridged form, was that no traces of paint were found at any place". [ cite journal
last = Carballal
first = Manuel
journal = Más Allá
title =
volume = 37
pages = 36–43
date = 1992 ] However, Carballal does not mention which faces were analyzed, nor which part of the faces correspond to each of the samples, nor what kind of mineralogical or chemical analysis was performed.

Chemical Analysis by ICV, Sample A, Sample B (%): : Zinc 0.96; 0.40:Barium 0.02; 0.15:Copper 0.01; 0.16 :Chromium 0.09; 0.02:Phosphorus 0.06; 0.30:Lead 0.21; 0.06

Despite the fact that ICV is a respectable institution that belongs to Spain's High Council of Scientific Research, in 1992 Pilón published the above chart in the popular Spanish magazine "Más Allá".

The forgery hypothesis

In an article published in the July 1993 issue of the "Journal of the Society for Psychical Research" Luis Ruiz-Noguez noted, from the above chart, that the presence of three cations used as pigments in the manufacture of paint must be mentioned: zinc, lead and chromium. Two of these, lead and chromium, lay the foundation for suspecting the use of paint in making the Bélmez faces. Ruiz-Noguez postulated that lead was used for several reasons: (1) Lead was, for many years, the most commonly-used pigment in making the primary colors. (2) The percentage of chromium in the analysis is too low to be a viable option. (3) Lead tends to cause dark, difficult-to-see colorations; something that does not happen in chromium. (4) The most common and cheapest primary colors are enamels, that contain lead; besides, these enamels are widely-used in the home since they are easy to apply. Therefore, directly contradicting what Carballal says, the ICV analysis does not demonstrate the non-existence of paint. On the other hand, Ruiz-Noguez also points to several objections to the hypothesis of utilization of paint on the ICV samples: (1) alkydalic-type enamels do not withstand abrasion; (2) Paint leaves a film that is easily differentiated from the substratum; (3) The alkydalics' chemical tolerance to acids, alkalis and detergents is low. [Ruiz Noguez, Luis in "Journal of the Society for Psychical Research" (op. cit.), p. 164.]

Manuel Martín Serrano, a sociologist at the Complutense University of Madrid, wrote a laborious study, "Sociología del Milagro" (Sociology of the miracle): the first book that a skeptic has written about this case exclusively. [cite book
last = Serrano
first = Manuel Martín
title = Sociología del milagro: las caras de Belmez (Barcelona: Barral Editores)
year = 1972] Throughout his book Serrano interviews dozens of Bélmez inhabitants but he never mentions anyone by name. However, Serrano's study is a contribution to explain the social dynamics of what he believes was a hoax perpetrated for financial gain. [Ibid., pp. 358ff esp.]

Although José Luis Jordán was vice-president of the Spanish Society of Parapsychology, he was rather skeptical. In Jordán's "Casas Encantadas, Poltergeist" he analyzes cases of supposed haunted houses in Spain, including the Bélmez case.

In 1971 a department of the Spanish Ministry of the Interior asked Jordán to head a commission that appointed diverse technicians specializing in concrete chemistry to carry out an exhaustive study of the strange occurrences in Bélmez and present a report on such to the authorities. In the report Jordán deals with several possibilities of fraud: "pigmentation with a dark, brownish substance", "a mixture of soot and vinegar" and "the aggressive action of a chemical compound". [cite book
last = Jordán
first = José Luis
title =Casas encantadas, poltergeist (Barcelona: Noguer)
year = 1982, pp. 144-46] In an interview by two members of the Spanish Society of Parapsychology, Jordán stated:

: " "With regard to the enigma of the chemical procedure, I solved it by discovering that this compound can be found in any drugstore by asking for a German product to remove concrete stains. [The mystery] that the images were invisible and latent for some time is thereby solved"." [ cite journal
last = Jiménez
first = Iker
coauthors = Lorenzo Fernández
title =
journal = Jaén
pages = 56–57
date = 5 May 1991 ]

In Spain other skeptical parapsychologists have also maintained the forgery hypothesis. Ramos Perera, president of the Spanish Society of Parapsychology, stated that it was found that "La Pava", the first and most famous of the Bélmez faces, had coloration and deduced it had been painted:

: " "Through infrared photography we saw that this one had added pigmentation [over the original appearance] , and even the paint brush bristles could be perceived. Of course, after that we had no doubts it had been painted". " [ [http://www.editorialbitacora.com/bitacora/ramos/ramos.htm El testigo incómodo de Bélmez ] ]

"La Pava" was later embedded in the wall of María's home for exhibition purposes.

Besides the ICV's, there are other chemical analysis on the Bélmez faces, performed by J.J. Alonso, a researcher of Spain's High Council of Scientific Research. The Alonso report was originally published in "Psi Comunicación", the journal of the Spanish Society of Parapsychology. However, the results are ambiguous on the subject of how the images were formed. Also, Alonso refused to wield judgment on the thoughtographic claims. However, his analysis did confirm the presence of a melanocratic compound. [ cite journal
last = Alonso
first = J.J.
title =Informe acerca de unas muestras traídas para su análisis al Instituto Hidrológico y Mineralógico de Valencia
journal = Psi Comunicación
volume = 2 (3/4)
pages = 77–80
date = 1976]

In general, artificial cement is made from limestone, clay and gypsum (natural cements are obtained from rocks containing lime and clay). The main components are lime and kaolinitic clay. There are some cements such as the aluminous, derived from aluminous and lime materials, that are black (melanocratic). The presence of aluminum in the analysis of the Bélmez face called "El Pelao" (The bald one) could indicate that an aluminum-type cement was being dealt with. However, in his report Alonso does not indicate the percentage of said cation, nor its structure, resistance to compression, elasticity module, chemical resistance or other characteristics necessary to differentiate a Portland cement from an aluminum cement.

Conclusions

Luis Ruiz-Noguez believes that the most likely explanation for the visual effect of the Bélmez images is Jordán's suggestion of the use of an oxidizing chemical agent. For example, nitric, sulfuric, muriatic, acetic acid, and others, could be used to obtain such an effect. [Ruiz Noguez, Luis in "Journal of the Society for Psychical Research" (op. cit.), p. 165.]

Another explanation might be the use of agents sensitive to light (which was not mentioned in either Jordán or Perera's repertoire of forgery hypotheses): silver nitrate which, when subjected to ultraviolet sunlight, darkens. [Ibid., p. 170.]

In general, there may be at least three chemical sources capable of producing an effect similar to that of the Bélmez faces: (1) Products that affect the chemical structure of the cement which include some oxidizing agents and several acids (all types of cement are of alkaline nature and therefore easily attacked by acids); (2) products that leave the cement intact but change their chemical structure upon contact with external agents such as light or chemical reagents; and (3) the utilization of a pigment in a vehicle or resin, as discussed by Ruiz-Noguez in his commentary on the ICV chart.

According to Ramos Perera, hypothesis #3 was the case of the first "wall face" appearance of Bélmez: the ghastly face known as "La Pava". Presently this old face is fading out in the dark, humid cement as can be seen in the photographs of a web site. [ [http://throwpots.com/belmez.htm Photos of Ghosts and Apparitions ] ]

The "new" Bélmez faces

María Gómez, the purported psychic that allegedly produced the appearances, died on February 2004 at the age of 85 years. After her death the popular psychic researcher Pedro Amorós tried to "discover" more thoughtographic appearances in María's house. A new wave of Bélmez faces thus took place. However, Amorós’ claims have been debunked in the Spanish media. In November 2004 the newspaper "El Mundo " published the article "The New Bélmez Faces Were Faked by Some Ghostbusters: The Objective is to Exploit Commercially the Phenomenon and to Favor Tourism." [ [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/11/28/sociedad/1101615058.html Las nuevas caras de Bélmez fueron falsificadas por unos 'cazafantasmas' en complicidad con el ayuntamiento] ] On may 2007, journalist Javier Cavanilles and investigator Francisco Máñez published a book called "Los Caras de Bélmez", [cite book
last = Javier Cavanilles
first = Francisco Máñez
title = Los caras de Bélmez (Valencia, Spain: Redactors i Editors - RIE)
year = 2007] a play-on-words that means "The cheeky evils of Bélmez", where they explain the history of the scam and pointed to María's son, Diego Pereira, as author of the mysterious paintings.

ee also

*List of allegedly haunted locations
*Thoughtography

External links

* [http://www.editorialbitacora.com/bitacora/resumenbelmez/resumenbelmez.htm Bitácora Internacional] – articles in Spanish
* [http://www.loscarasdebelmez.com Los caras de Bélmez] – Cavanilles and Máñez's web about their book (it contains all the documents about the case).

References

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