- Cultural impact of Wonder Woman
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For appearances in traditional superhero entertainment, see Wonder Woman in other media.
Wonder Woman is a character initially created for comic books over six decades ago, the medium in which she is still most prominently found to this day. As befitting an icon of her status, she has made appearances in other forms of media and has been referenced and meta-referenced beyond the scope of traditional superhero entertainment.
The cultural impact of the character, once derided by psychologists and anti-comic book crusader as a anti-male lesbian, has steadily increased over the years, having served as an iconic exemplar of the feminist movement[1] and a continuing symbol of female empowerment.
As such, she appears in numerous media, from cereal box covers and popular magazines to being referenced both directly and indirectly in film, animation and television programming. As a cultural icon, she is the subject of several homages and parodies in many forms of media.
Contents
Creation
Wonder Woman's viewpoints and characteristics reflect those of her creator, William Moulton Marston , who was a strong supporter of feminist ideals and female empowerment:
“ "(She) encourages women to stand up for themselves, to learn to fight, and be strong, so they don't have to be scared, or depend on men".[2] ” In art
Wonder Woman is the subject of a 1978 - 1979 video art piece Technology/Transformation: Wonder Woman. In this work she uses appropriated images of Wonder Woman to subvert the ideology and meaning embedded in the television series.[3] Author T.J. Demos writes, "(the) opening with a prolonged salvo of fiery explosions accompanied by the warning cry of a siren, Technology/Transformation: Wonder Woman is supercharged, action-packed, and visually riveting... throughout its nearly six minutes we see several scenes featuring the main character Diana Prince... in which she transforms into the famed superero." [4]. The exhibit currently resides in New York's Museum of Modern Art.[5]
In cinema
Images and references of Wonder Woman abound in film. The apparent first appearance of the character was in the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy wherein a little girl covers her face with a copy of DC Comics' Wonder Woman #178.[6]. Later appearances have female (and male) characters of all ages appearing in Wonder Woman's costume or T-shirt representations of said costume. Wonder Woman enters the cultural lexicon, as characters are compared to Wonder Woman due to their athletic prowess, beauty and/or height.
In literature and comics
- See Wonder Woman in literature
In his book, Seduction of the Innocent, psychiatrist and anti-comic book crusader Frederic Wertham wrote that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext to her character, a claim somewhat strengthened by the character's creator, William Moulton Marston having admitted as much. As well, Wertham also claimed Wonder Woman's strength and independence made her a lesbian, calling the "homosexual connotation of the Wonder Woman type of story is psychologically unmistakable".[7], and considered Wonder Woman to be "Lesbian counterpart of Batman" </ref name=SedoI>Wertham notes in the Chapter "Those Wicked Men" in that Wonder Woman's sidekicks, students at the fictional, all-woman Holliday College are the 'Holliday girls,' i.e. the holiday girls, the gay party girls, the gay girls." The chapter title references a comic book story wherein another princess talks about "those wicked men". </ref name=SedoI> "For boys", writes Wertham, "Wonder Woman is a frightening image. For girls she is a morbid ideal. Where Batman is anti-feminine, the attractive Wonder Woman and her counterparts are definitely anti-masculine."
This sentiment would be later echoed by other critics. Short story author and cultural historian Jim Harmon describes in his 1970 book, All in Color For a Dime how Wonder Woman would "exchange hugs and kisses of delight with the readily available Holliday Girls." Harmon adds, "It was a very sick scene."[8] This recollection by Harmon is disputed by comic book artist and writer, Trina Robbins. She notes that "although Wonder Woman is indeed seen hugging her friends and her mother in the pages of these comics (women do hug!), she doesn't kiss them. She's never even depicted kissing her "boyfriend," Steve Trevor!"
Robert Kanigher, who took over writing the comic in 1948 after the death of creator William Moulton Marston as well as later creating other female superheroines such as Black Canary, Lady Cop, Rose and Thorn and The Harlequin confided to Robbins in a telephone interview that the Amazons from her home, Paradise Island (where no men are permitted) were all lesbians[8].
In periodicals
Wonder Woman featured on the first cover of Ms., July, 1972
Gloria Steinem chose an image of Wonder Woman for the first cover of Ms. in July, 1972, and again in the July-August 1997 issue. In the latter example, the retrospective issue depicts an illustrated version of the modernized version of Wonder Woman is reading a copy of the original Ms. magazine, it's cover showing the Golden Age representation of the character.
In television
Wonder Woman iconic nature has filtered into American television, references appearing in the form of impersonations, costume and character references. These abound in live programming such as The Big Bang Theory, Charmed, Frasier, Friends, and 30 Rock. As well, she is referred to often in animated programming, such as The Simpsons, Family Guy and Robot Chicken.
Lynda Carter, the woman who portrayed Wonder Woman in the series of the same name from 1975-1979, appeared on a 1976 televised Olivia Newton-John Special as the character wherein she deflects a bullet meant for Olivia. Again in 1980, Lynda Carter also appeared in a skit on the Jim Henson television series The Muppet Show. In said skit, Miss Piggy becomes "Wonder Pig" in order to save her family from a giant-sized chicken. Carter continues to be identified with the character thirty years after the portrayals.
The Wendy Williams Show's host Wendy Williams often drinks from various Wonder Woman coffee mugs throughout the series (having the same initials of 'WW'). In 2010, when DC Comics revamped the character with a new costume, Wendy had a 10 minute segment discussing the change and explained why she didn't care for it.
Scholarship
- Sociologist Susan Hopkins in her text Girl Heroes, juxtaposes the image of Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman with Girl Power action heroines of the late 1990s.
- Academic Angelo Iannella (Course Coordinator and Lecturer) began a research paper entitled "From Wonder Woman to Xena: Reframing Greek Mythology", which reveals the development and significance of the superheroine in speculative fiction. The article was first published in The Advertiser in South Australia on December 7, 2001. The research paper attracted interviews on radio as well as interstate conferences at Universities in Australia. This event was timed with Wonder Woman's 60th Anniversary who first appeared in 1941.
References
- ^ Crawford, Philip Charles. "An Enlightening Look at the Feminist Ideals that Informed This American Icon". http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6417196.html. School Library Journal. http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6417196.html. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Ley, PhD, David J.. "Wonder Woman: Top or Bottom". Women Who Stray: Notes on the History and Current Practice of Female Infidelity. Psychology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/women-who-stray/201009/wonder-woman-top-or-bottom. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Margot Lovejoy, Digital Currents: Art in the Electronic Age, Routledge, 2004, p108. ISBN 0415307805
- ^ T.J. Demos, Dara Birnbaum, Technology/Transformation: Wonder Woman, MIT/Afterall Books, 2010, p1. ISBN-10:1-846380-66-9
- ^ moma.org.uk
- ^ "1969". Comics Sightings in TV and Film. Marvel Masterworks.com. http://www.marvelmasterworks.com/features/comic_sightings.html. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Wertham, Frederic (1954). Seduction of the Innocent. New York: Reinhart & Company. pp. 192, 234-235. ISBN 159683000X. http://www.amazon.com/Seduction-Innocent-Frederic-Wertham/dp/159683000X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1318514866&sr=8-1.
- ^ a b Robbins, Trina. "Wonder Woman: Lesbian or Dyke: Paradise as a Woman's Community". Papers. Girl-wonder.org. http://girl-wonder.org/papers/robbins.html#3foot. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
External links
- The Ultimate Wonder Woman Collector's Guide An in-depth look at Wonder Woman memorabilia and collectibles from the 1940s onward.
- Wonder Woman on the DC Animated Universe Wiki, an external wiki
Categories:- Wonder Woman
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