- History of time in the United States
-
"War Time" redirects here. This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act, not a general period of war.
Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006, and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that Pulaski County, Indiana is now in the Eastern time zone and no longer in the Central time zone.
The history of standard time in the United States began November 18, 1883 when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones. Before then, time of day was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time, maintained by some well-known clock (for example, on a church steeple or in a jeweler's window). The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all.
Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Act of March 19, 1918, sometimes called the Standard Time Act (aka Calder Act, (15 USC 264)).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea.
Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919, but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter. It was re-established nationally early in World War II, and was continuously observed until the end of the war.
After the war its use varied among states and localities. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance. The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries. In subsequent years, the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), modified (several times) the beginning date of daylight time, and renamed the three westernmost time zones.
Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur. DOT issues press releases when these changes are made. Generally, time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward. Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later (by the clock) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east.
If they do so, the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west; the accumulation of such changes results in the long-term westward trend. The process is not inexorable, however, since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable. Furthermore, under the law, the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the "convenience of commerce". Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion, although most such proposals have been accepted.
Contents
War Time 1918 and 1942
Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.
During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.
Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966
From 1945 to 1966, U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and localities were free to observe DST or not, and the predominant pattern was that the states and localities that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s, many states and localities in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The absence of federal standardization resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6] In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States. There was no standardization with regards to the start and ending dates. United Airlines, for example, had to publish 27 different timetable editions each year.[citation needed]
DST 1966
The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.
In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted back to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.
DST 2007
Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. More recent studies by the Department of Energy and California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.[9]
Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.
If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis.
Start and end dates of United States Daylight Time
Year Begins (local) Ends (local) Notes 2010 Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 7 02:00 2009 Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00 2008 Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00 2007 Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 2004 Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 2003 Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 2002 Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 2001 Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 2000 Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 1999 Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 1998 Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 1997 Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 1996 Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 1995 Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 1994 Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 1993 Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 1992 Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 1991 Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 1990 Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 1989 Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 1988 Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 1987 Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 1985 Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 1984 Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 1983 Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00 1982 Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 1981 Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 1980 Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 1979 Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 1978 Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 1977 Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 1976 Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 1975 Sun February 23 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:001974 Sun January 6 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:001973 Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 1971 Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 1969 Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out1946–66 Local decision, various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02:00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[10]1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02:00 War Time begins year round 1920–41 Local decision, various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 War Time begins summer only See also
Notes
- ^ United States statutes at large: containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations. Government Printing Office. 1999. p. 599.
- ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S., United States Naval Observatory
- ^ a b A Time-Change Timeline, National Public Radio, March 8, 2007
- ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law, Pub.L. 66-40, 41 Stat. 280, enacted August 20, 1919
- ^ 24/7: A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards", June 3, 2002
- ^ Daylight Saving Time: Early adoption in law
- ^ 15 USC 260a
- ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 9 March 2007.
- ^ It is also possible that the extension may not last if there are no proven energy savings from the change as Congress retains the right to revert back to the schedules set in 1986 after a study of the change is complete. One potential problem of the change is that early March sunrise times under DST would be just as late as those in early January under standard time and late October under DST. Because the difference in sunrise times would occur suddenly rather than gradually, this move could prove to be unpopular with the American public as more people are forced to awaken in darkness quite suddenly and are drowsy as a result. Extending DST past Halloween may prove to be unpopular since evening darkness is associated with the mood of Halloween. Children who wait for darkness to fall to begin trick-or-treating would have one less hour to do so before bedtime. More Daylight Savings: Energy Boon or Scheduling Snafu?
- ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona
References
- Prerau, David. Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time (Thunder’s Mouth Press; ISBN 1-56025-655-9) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time.
External links
Categories:- Economic history of the United States
- History of science and technology in the United States
- Time in the United States
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
