Asplenium

Asplenium
Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pteridophyta
Class:	Pteridopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
(unranked):	Eupolypods II
Family:	Aspleniaceae
Genus:	Asplenium L.
Type species
Asplenium marinum L.
Species
About 700, but see text.
Synonyms
Camptosorus Ceterach Loxoscaphe T.Moore Phyllitis Tarachia and see text

Asplenium is a genus of about 700 species of ferns, often treated as the only genus in the family Aspleniaceae, though other authors consider Hymenasplenium separate, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, a different chromosome count, and structural differences in the rhizomes. The type species for the genus is Asplenium marinum.

Many groups of species have been separated from Asplenium as segregate genera. These include Camptosorus, Ceterach, Phyllitis, and Tarachia, but these species can form hybrids with other Asplenium species and because of this are usually included in a more broadly defined Asplenium.

Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the taxonomic rank of order as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order Polypodiales. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a clade informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.

It has been found that in some species, the chloroplast genome has evolved in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard cladistic analyses unsuited to resolve the phylogeny of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated computational phylogenetics methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the mother spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) or A. viviparum which mainly reproduce asexually, essentially cloning themselves over and over again. While most are diploid or tetraploid, some species (e.g. A. shuttleworthianum) are octoploid.^[1]

The most common vernacular name is spleenworts, applied to the more "typical" species. A. nidus and several similar species are called bird's-nest ferns, the Camptosorus group is known as walking ferns, and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.

Uses

Both the scientific name and the common name "spleenwort" are derived from an old belief, based on the doctrine of signatures, that the fern was useful for ailments of the spleen, due to the spleen-shaped sori on the backs of the fronds. "-wort" is an ancient English term that simply means "plant" (compare German -wurz).

A few of these ferns have some economic importance in the horticulture trade. The bird's-nest ferns (A. nidus and several very similar, closely related species) are commonly found for sale as a house plant. The Australian mother spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) is sometimes available at greenhouses, and is of interest, along with the related A. viviparum, for the many small bulblets borne on the fronds that may grow into new plants. This characteristic is also shared with the eastern North American walking fern (A. rhizophyllum) and several Mexican species including A. palmeri. The ebony spleenwort A. platyneuron is also sometimes sold in nurseries as a hardy plant. However, many spleenworts are epipetric or epiphytic and difficult to cultivate.

Asplenium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra bedelliella which feeds exclusively on A. nidus. For diseases of Asplenium, see List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae).

Selected species

Black spleenwort (A. adiantum-nigrum)

Asplenium aethiopicum

Crow's-nest fern (A. australasicum), one of the bird's-nest ferns

Asplenium azoricum

Sea spleenwort (A. marinum)

Wall-rue (A. ruta-muraria)

Forked spleenwort (A. septentrionale)

Green spleenwort (A. viride)

• Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. – black spleenwort (= A. lucidum Burm.f.)
  • Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ssp. adiantum-nigrum
  • Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ssp. serpentini (Tausch) Koch
• Asplenium adulterinum Milde – ladder spleenwort
• Asplenium aequibasis
• Asplenium aethiopicum
• Asplenium africanum
• Asplenium × alternifolium Wulf.
• Asplenium angustum Sw.
• Asplenium antiquum Makino
• Asplenium ascensionis S.Watson
• Asplenium attenuatum R.Br.
• Asplenium aureum (sometimes in Ceterach)
• Asplenium auritum
• Asplenium australasicum (J.Sm.) Hook. – crow's-nest fern
  • Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum
  • Asplenium australasicum f. robinsonii
• Asplenium azoricum Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.
• Asplenium bifrons
• Asplenium billottii – lanceolate spleenwort
• Asplenium bipinnatifidum
• Asplenium brachycarpum
• Asplenium bradleyi
• Asplenium bulbiferum – mother spleenwort, hen and chickens fern, mouku (Māori)
• Asplenium cardiophyllum
• Asplenium caudatum
• Asplenium ceterach – rustyback fern (sometimes in Ceterach)
• Asplenium cheilosorum
• Asplenium compressum Sw.
• Asplenium congestum
• Asplenium corderoanum
• Asplenium crinicaule
• Asplenium cristatum
• Asplenium cuneifolium – serpentine spleenwort
• Asplenium cymbifolium
• Asplenium dalhousiae (sometimes in Ceterach)
• Asplenium dareoides
• Asplenium daucifolium – Mauritius spleenwort
• Asplenium difforme R.Br.
• Asplenium fissum
• Asplenium dimorphum – Norfolk Island spleenwort
• Asplenium divaricatum
• Asplenium dregeanum
• Asplenium ebenoides
• Asplenium ecuadorense
• Asplenium euneifolium Viv. (= A. forsteri auct. non Sadl.)
• Asplenium feei Kunze ex Fée
• Asplenium fissum
• Asplenium flabellifolium – necklace fern
• Asplenium flaccidum G.Forst. – weeping spleenwort, hanging spleenwort
• Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. – smooth rock spleenwort
• Asplenium forisiense – rock spleenwort
• Asplenium formosum
• Asplenium gemmiferum Schrad.
• Asplenium × germanicum
• Asplenium gueinzii Mett.
• Asplenium goudeyi Lord Howe Island
• Asplenium hemionitis
• Asplenium hookerianum Colenso
• Asplenium hybridum
• Asplenium incisum
• Asplenium × kenzoi - oni-hinokishida,^[2] cultivated in Japan^[3]
• Asplenium laciniatum
• Asplenium lamprophyllum Carse
• Asplenium laserpitiifolium – Johnston River fern
• Asplenium lepidum C.Presl
• Asplenium listeri – Christmas Island spleenwort
• Asplenium longissimum
• Asplenium lucidum
• Asplenium lunulatum
• Asplenium lyallii
• Asplenium macedonicum ^[4]
• Asplenium majoricum
• Asplenium marinum – sea spleenwort
• Asplenium milnei Carruth.
• Asplenium montanum – mountain spleenwort
• Asplenium musifolium
• Asplenium nidus – "bird's-nest fern"
• Asplenium normale
• Asplenium obliquum
• Asplenium oblongifolium Colenso – shining spleenwort (= A. lucidum auct. non Burm.f., sensu G.Forst.)
• Asplenium obovatum
• Asplenium obtusatum G.Forst.
  • Asplenium obtusatum ssp. northlandicum (Brownsey) Ogle (possibly distinct species)
  • Asplenium obtusatum 'Chile' (possibly distinct species, sometimes included in A. obliquum)
• Asplenium oligolepidum C.Chr. (= A. lucidum auct. non Burm.f., sensu G.Forst.)
• Asplenium oligophlebium
• Asplenium onopteris L. – western black spleenwort, Irish spleenwort (sometimes included in A. adiantum-nigrum)
• Asplenium pacificum
• Asplenium paleaceum R.Br. – chaffy spleenwort
• Asplenium palmeri
• Asplenium petrarchae
• Asplenium pinnatifidum – lobed spleenwort
• Asplenium planicaule
• Asplenium platybasis Kunze ex Mett.
• Asplenium platyneuron – ebony spleenwort
• Asplenium polyodon G.Forst. – sickle spleenwort
• Asplenium praemorsum
• Asplenium prolongatum Hook.
• Asplenium pteridioides
• Asplenium resiliens – black-stemmed spleenwort
• Asplenium rhizophyllum – American walking fern (sometimes in Camptosorus)
• Asplenium richardii
• Asplenium ruprechtii – Asian walking fern (sometimes in Camptosorus)
• Asplenium ruta-muraria L. – wall-rue
• Asplenium rustifolium
• Asplenium sagittatum – Mule's spleenwort (sometimes in Phyllitis)
• Asplenium sandersonii Hook.
• Asplenium schweinfurthii
• Asplenium scleroprium
• Asplenium scolopendrium – hart's-tongue (sometimes in Phyllitis)
  • Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum – American Hart's-tongue
• Asplenium seelosii
• Asplenium septentrionale – forked spleenwort, northern spleenwort
• Asplenium septentrionale × trichomanes Wulf.
• Asplenium serra
• Asplenium serratum – wild bird's-nest fern
• Asplenium sessilifolium
• Asplenium shuttleworthianum Kunze
• Asplenium simplicifrons F.Muell.
• Asplenium splendens
• Asplenium surrogatum P.S.Green
• Asplenium tenerum G.Forst.
• Asplenium terrestre
• Asplenium theciferum (Kunth) Mett.
• Asplenium thunbergii
• Asplenium trichomanes – maidenhair spleenwort
  • Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer
  • Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. coriaceifolium
• Asplenium unilaterale
• Asplenium vespertinum
• Asplenium vieillardii Mett.
• Asplenium virens
• Asplenium viride – green spleenwort
• Asplenium vittiforme
• Asplenium viviparum

See also

• Mount Asplenium
• Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Celery-top Pine, a conifer with Asplenium-like leaves)
• Asplenium hybrids

References

1. ^ Lara D. Shepherd, Barbara R. Holland & Leon R. Perrie (2008). "Conflict amongst chloroplast DNA sequences obscures the phylogeny of a group of Asplenium ferns". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 (1): 176–187. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.023. 
2. ^ Asplenium × kenzoi Sa. Kurata Germplasm Resources Information Network
3. ^ N. Murakami, S. Nogami, M. Watanabe & K. Iwatsuki (1999). "Phylogeny of Aspleniaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences". American Fern Journal 89: 232–243. doi:10.2307/1547233. 
4. ^ "The list of plant and animal species for which the status of natural rarities was established". http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/fyrom/b7.htm. Retrieved August 26, 2010.