- Egg yolk
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Not to be confused with yoke.
An intact yolk surrounded by egg white
An egg yolk is a part of an egg which feeds the developing embryo. The egg yolk is suspended in the egg white (known alternatively as albumen or glair/glaire) by one or two spiral bands of tissue called the chalazae. Prior to fertilization, the yolk together with the germinal disc is a single cell, one of the few single cells that can be seen by the naked eye.
As a food, yolks are a major source of vitamins and minerals. They contain all of the egg's fat and cholesterol, and about one-fifth of the protein. If left intact while cooking fried eggs, the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of whites creates the distinctive sunny-side up form of the food. Mixing the two components together before frying results in the pale yellow form found in omelettes and scrambled eggs.
Contents
Uses
- It is sometimes separated from the egg whites and used in cooking (for mayonnaise, custard, hollandaise sauce, crème brûlée, avgolemono, and ovos moles).
- It is used in painting as a component of traditional egg-tempera.
- It is used in the production of egg-yolk agar plate medium, useful in testing for the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
- Egg yolks also contains an antibody called antiglobulin (IgY). The antibody transfers from the laying hen to the egg yolk by passive immunity to protect both embryo and hatchling from microorganism invasion.
- Egg yolk can be used to make liqueurs such as Advocaat or eggnog.
- Egg yolks are used to extract Egg Oil which has various cosmetic, nutitional and medicinal uses.
Composition of chicken egg yolk
Chicken egg, yolk, raw, fresh Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 1,325 kJ (317 kcal) Carbohydrates 3.59 g Fat 26.54 g Protein 15.86 g - Tryptophan 0.177 g - Threonine 0.687 g - Isoleucine 0.866 g - Leucine 1.399 g - Lysine 1.217 g - Methionine 0.378 g - Cystine 0.264 g - Phenylalanine 0.681 g - Tyrosine 0.678 g - Valine 0.949 g - Arginine 1.099 g - Histidine 0.416 g - Alanine 0.836 g - Aspartic acid 1.550 g - Glutamic acid 1.970 g - Glycine 0.488 g - Proline 0.646 g - Serine 1.326 g Water 52.31 g Vitamin A equiv. 381 μg (48%) Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.176 mg (15%) Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.528 mg (44%) Pantothenic acid (B5) 2.990 mg (60%) Folate (vit. B9) 146 μg (37%) Calcium 129 mg (13%) Iron 2.73 mg (21%) Magnesium 5 mg (1%) Phosphorus 390 mg (56%) Potassium 109 mg (2%) Zinc 2.30 mg (24%) Choline 682.3 mg Cholesterol 1234 mg One large egg contains 17 grams of yolk.
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient DatabaseThe yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains approximately 60 calories, three times the caloric content of the egg white.
The yolk of one large egg (50 g total, 17 g yolk) contains approximately: 2.7 g protein, 210 mg cholesterol, 0.61 g carbohydrates, and 4.51 g total fat. (USDA National Nutrient Database)
All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are found in the egg yolk. Egg yolk is one of the few foods naturally containing vitamin D.
The composition (by weight) of the most prevalent fatty acids in egg yolk is typically as follows:[1]
- Unsaturated fatty acids:
- Oleic acid, 47%
- Linoleic acid, 16%
- Palmitoleic acid, 5%
- Linolenic acid, 2%
- Saturated fatty acids:
- Palmitic acid, 23%
- Stearic acid, 4%
- Myristic acid, 1%
Egg yolk is a source of lecithin.
The yellow color is due to lutein and zeaxanthin, which are yellow or orange carotenoids known as xanthophylls.
Yolk proteins
The different yolk proteins have distinct roles. Phosvitins are important in sequestering calcium, iron and other cations for the developing embryo. Phosvitins are one of the most phosphorylated (10%) proteins in nature, the high concentration of phosphate groups providing efficient metal-binding sites in clusters.[2][3] Lipovitellins are involved in lipid and metal storage, and contain a heterogeneous mixture of about 16% (w/w) noncovalently bound lipid, most being phospholipid. Lipovitellin-1 contains two chains, LV1N and LV1C.[4][5]
Double-yolk eggs
Double-yolk eggs occur when ovulation occurs too rapidly, or when one yolk becomes joined with another yolk. These eggs may be the result of a young hen's reproductive cycle not yet being synchronized.[6] Some hybrid breeds of hens also produce double yolk eggs by default. Such eggs are produced in West Bengal, India and in particular by Arambagh Hatcheries in Arambagh.
Some hens will rarely lay double-yolked eggs as the result of unsynchronized production cycles. Although heredity causes some hens to have a higher propensity to lay double-yolked eggs, these occur more frequently as occasional abnormalities in young hens beginning to lay.[citation needed] Usually a double-yolked egg will be longer and thinner than an ordinary single-yolk egg. Double-yolked eggs usually only lead to observed successful hatchlings under human intervention, as the chickens interfere with each other's hatching process and die.[7]
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Three eggs, all with double yolk
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Three yolks from two eggs. The two smaller yolks are from the same egg.
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A hard boiled double yolker. The gray-green ring around the yolk is due to ferrous sulfide formed by overcooking, and is harmless and tasteless.
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A hardboiled double-yolked egg, cut in half
Yolkless eggs
Eggs without yolk are called "dwarf" or "wind" eggs.[8] Such an egg is most often a pullet's first effort, produced before her laying mechanism is fully ready. In a mature hen, a wind egg is unlikely, but can occur if a bit of reproductive tissue breaks away, stimulating the egg producing glands to treat it like a yolk and wrap it in albumen, membranes and a shell as it travels through the egg tube. This has occurred if, instead of a yolk, the egg contains a small particle of grayish tissue. An archaic term for a no yolk egg is a "cock" egg.[9] Since they contained no yolk and therefore can't hatch, it was traditionally believed that these eggs were laid by roosters.[citation needed] This type of egg occurs in many varieties of fowl. They have been found in chickens, both standard and bantams, guineas and coturnix quail. See Cock egg.
Gallery
Other abnormal eggs:
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A chicken egg frying with an extremely thick red yolk, a broken yolk of normal orange yolked egg below for comparison.
References
- ^ National Research Council, 1976, Fat Content and Composition of Animal Products, Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., ISBN 0-309-02440-4; p. 203, online edition
- ^ Matsubara T, Sawaguchi S, Ohkubo N (2006). "Identification of two forms of vitellogenin-derived phosvitin and elucidation of their fate and roles during oocyte maturation in the barfin flounder, Verasper moseri". Zool. Sci. 23 (11): -. PMID 17189915.
- ^ Goulas A, Triplett EL, Taborsky G (1996). "Oligophosphopeptides of varied structural complexity derived from the egg phosphoprotein, phosvitin". J. Protein Chem. 15 (1): -. PMID 8838584.
- ^ Banaszak LJ, Thompson JR (2002). "Lipid-protein interactions in lipovitellin". Biochemistry 41 (30): 9398–9409. doi:10.1021/bi025674w. PMID 12135361.
- ^ Banaszak LJ, Anderson TA, Levitt DG (1998). "The structural basis of lipid interactions in lipovitellin, a soluble lipoprotein". Structure 6 (7): 895–909. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00091-4. PMID 9687371.
- ^ "Odd Eggs, Double Yolks, No Yolks, etc.". poultryhelp.com. 2005-03-04. http://www.poultryhelp.com/oddeggs.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (2003). "Double-yolked eggs and chicken development". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s409538.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ "Dwarf Eggs and the Timing of Ovulation in the Domestic Fowl". Nature Publishing Group. 1996-06-25. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v210/n5043/abs/2101371a0.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ "FAQ about Eggs". homesteadingtimes.com. 2007-02-06. http://www.homesteadingtimes.com/?q=eggs. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
External links
- Anatomy of an Egg from the Exploratorium
- Making egg tempera from the Society of Tempera Painters
- Double Yolked Egg - External Size Comparison from Parker Pond Farm
- Odd eggs info
Categories:- Eggs
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