Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars

The Imperial and Royal Army ( _de. Kaiserlich-königliche Armee) was that of the Austrian Empire, formed on 11 August 1804 preceding the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Habsburgs, under Emperor Francis II (Emperor Francis I of Austria).

Background to the army

The key feature of army of the Austrian Empire during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1773-1815) was that, due to the multi-national nature of the territories, regiments were split into "Germans" (including Czechs-troops recruited from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, Polish and Ukrainians units recruited from the territory of Galicia, Flemings and Walloons territory of the former Austrian Netherlands, and Italians) and "Hungarian" units separately, which also encompassed troops from Croatia and Transylvania.

Wartime conscription resulted in elements of untrained men in every battalion, a problem exacerbated by incoherent training across the regions. The army was beset by constant government frugality and a plethora of confusing orders and reorganisations. Although some regiments were disbanded in 1809 following the loss of their recruiting-grounds, others were allocated new areas yet kept their old designations; for example, the Walloon regiments whose recruiting areas were transferred to Bohemia.

The most powerful individual in the Army of the Austrian Empire during the period was Archduke Charles, who implemented wide-ranging and modernising reforms, particularly following the crushing defeat at Austerlitz. Charles was responsible for the first defeat of Napoleon at the battle of Aspern-Essling, but after the subsequent defeat at Wagram retired from active command.

Recruitment

Recruitment in the German areas was partly by voluntary enlistment and a scheme of supplementary conscription, which was for lifetime service before 1802, ten years thereafter. Recruits for Hungarian regiments were organised by the Diet of Hungary by quota.

Each regiment had its own zone of recruitment within the Empire. The only exception to this was the Poles of Galicia, who were deemed untrustworthy and were split up across the regiments.

Officers

Regiments were commanded by an "Inhaber" (colonel-in-chief), whose title the regiment bore and who exercised a relatively high amount of power, including over the appointment of officers below field rank. Officers were largely from the lesser aristocracy whose commissions depended more on their social connections or power, though especially in wartime limited promotion from the ranks was permitted.

The infantry

At the outset of war in 1793, the army numbered 57 line regiments, 18 "Grenz" border infantry regiments, 3 garrison regiments and the "Stabs-Infanterie-Regiment" for HQ duties. In addition, an irregular "Frei-Corps" light infantry was raised in wartime.

Line regiments

An Austrian line regiment typically consisted of two field battalions - "Leib-" and "Oberst-" battalions - each of six fusilier companies; also, a grenadier division of two companies, which were normally detached to form composite grenadier battalions with those of 2 other regiments. In addition, it included one garrison battalion ("Oberstleutnant - Battalion") compirsing of four companies which served as a source for reserves at the regiment depot. The established strength of a 'German' line regiment would be in theory was 4,575 men, though in peacetime especially this number was rarely above 2-3,000. With 3 battalions, 'Hungarian' regiments had a nominal strength of 5,508.

Company strength

The line company had 4 officers -
*Hauptmann (captain)
*Oberleutnant (1st lieutenant)
*Unterleutnant (2nd lieutenant)
*Fähnrich (ensign)

The NCOs in a line company numbered 14 and included -
*Feldwebel (sergeant-major)
*4 Corporals (sergeants)
*Fourierschützen (quartermaster)
*8 Gefreiter (corporals)

In addition, the company had 3 musicians and a "Zimmermann" (pioneer).All in all, in wartime company strengths of all other ranks ranged from 120-230; grenadier companies between 112-140.

Tactics

The introduction of new regulations in 1805 and 1807 did little to disrupt the traditional three-rank line formation of battalions in action, and the use of the 'battalion-column' for movement. Little emphasis was put on the creation of skirmishing troops and light infantry tactics, a matter usually expected only of the "Grenzer" and "Jäger" troops. The most notorious of the 1807 introductions was the 'mass', a closely-packed variant on the 'square' tactic of other armies, which was proven in conflict against the Turks. Whilst very vulnerable to artillery, the formation was more than adequate against cavalry and easier to deploy around the battlefield.